{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:44:53Z","timestamp":1791348293802,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hormone-secreting cells within the anterior pituitary gland may form organized and interdigitated networks that adapt to changing endocrine conditions in different physiological contexts. For gonadotropes, this might reflect a strategy to cope with acute changes throughout different female reproductive stages. The current study examined gonadotropes in female mice at characteristically different hormonal stages: prepubertal, postpubertal, and lactating. Gonadotrope plasticity was examined at the level of the whole population and single cells at different stages by imaging both fixed and live pituitary slices. The use of a model animal providing for the identification of selectively fluorescent gonadotropes allowed the particular advantage of defining cellular plasticity specifically for gonadotropes. In vivo analyses of gonadotropes relative to vasculature showed significantly different gonadotrope distributions across physiological states. Video microscopy studies using live slices ex vivo demonstrated pituitary cell plasticity in the form of movements and protrusions in response to GnRH. As positive feedback from rising estradiol levels is important for priming the anterior pituitary gland for the LH surge, experiments provide evidence of estradiol effects on GnRH signaling in gonadotropes. The experiments presented herein provide new insight into potential plasticity of gonadotropes within the anterior pituitary glands of female mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T17:45:03Z","timestamp":1348249503000},"page":"4729-4739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Gonadotrope Plasticity at Cellular and Population Levels"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Zahara","family":"Alim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neural Signal Transduction (Z.A., O.M., I.S., U.B.), Center for Molecular Neurobiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Hartshorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences (C.H., C.C., S.T.), Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1617"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neural Signal Transduction (Z.A., O.M., I.S., U.B.), Center for Molecular Neurobiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Stitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neural Signal Transduction (Z.A., O.M., I.S., U.B.), Center for Molecular Neurobiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Clay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences (C.H., C.C., S.T.), Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1617"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Tobet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences (C.H., C.C., S.T.), Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1617"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Boehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neural Signal Transduction (Z.A., O.M., I.S., U.B.), Center for Molecular Neurobiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071612203030100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10261","article-title":"Vascular networks and endothelial cells in the rat experimental pituitary glands and in the human pituitary adenomas.","volume":"60","author":"Itoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508202102","article-title":"Revealing the large-scale network organization of growth hormone-secreting cells.","volume":"102","author":"Bonnefont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010849107","article-title":"Pituitary growth hormone network responses are sexually dimorphic and regulated by gonadal steroids in adulthood.","volume":"107","author":"Sanchez-Cardenas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105929108","article-title":"Related pituitary cell lineages develop into interdigitated 3D cell networks.","volume":"108","author":"Budry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R59","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-11-0035","article-title":"Endocrine cells and blood vessels work in tandem to generate hormone pulses.","volume":"47","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19971015)39:2<114::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Cytochemical studies of multifunctional gonadotropes.","volume":"39","author":"Childs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(03)00057-2","article-title":"Paracrine control of lactotrope proliferation and differentiation.","volume":"14","author":"Denef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1612","article-title":"Existence of long-lasting experience-dependent plasticity in endocrine cell networks.","volume":"3","author":"Hodson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod40.2.288","article-title":"Direct effects of estradiol-17\u03b2 on the number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the ovine pituitary.","volume":"40","author":"Gregg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-96-2-349","article-title":"Effects of gonadal steroids on the basal and LRF-induced gonadotropin secretion by cultures of rat pituitary.","volume":"96","author":"Tang","year":"1975","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-1-52","article-title":"Interactions between 17\u03b2-estradiol and progesterone in the control of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture.","volume":"108","author":"Drouin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0740615","article-title":"Evidence for a pituitary site of gonadal steroid stimulation of GnRH receptors in female mice.","volume":"74","author":"Naik","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000125001","article-title":"Changes in the number of GnRH-receptive cells during the rat estrous cycle: biphasic effects of estradiol.","volume":"48","author":"Lloyd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.3.7391","article-title":"Responsiveness of the ovine gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene to estradiol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone is not detectable in vitro but is revealed in transgenic mice.","volume":"141","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044685","article-title":"A nongenomic action of estradiol as the mechanism underlying the acute suppression of secretion of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized ewes.","volume":"74","author":"Arreguin-Arevalo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0986","article-title":"Rapid in vivo effects of estradiol-17\u03b2 in ovine pituitary gonadotropes are displayed by phosphorylation of extracellularly regulated kinase, serine\/threonine kinase, and 3\u2032,5\u2032-cyclic adenosine 5\u2032-monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein.","volume":"148","author":"Iqbal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1153","article-title":"Neuroendocrine plasticity in the anterior pituitary: gonadotropin-releasing hormone-mediated movement in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"148","author":"Navratil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(83)90061-X","article-title":"Cytochemical characterization of pituitary target cells for biotinylated gonadotropin releasing hormone.","volume":"4","author":"Childs","year":"1983","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(85)90084-1","article-title":"Shifts in gonadotropin storage in cultured gonadotropes following GnRH stimulation, in vitro.","volume":"6","author":"Childs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Peptide"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012515400-0\/50034-8","article-title":"Gonadotropes and lactotropes","volume-title":"Knobil and Neill's physiology of reproduction","author":"Childs","year":"2006","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540004800414","article-title":"A new approach to three-dimensional reconstructed imaging of hormone-secreting cells and their microvessel environments in rat pituitary glands by confocal laser scanning microscopy.","volume":"48","author":"Itoh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902599107","article-title":"Cellular in vivo imaging reveals coordinated regulation of pituitary microcirculation and GH cell network function.","volume":"107","author":"Lafont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1502","article-title":"Functional characterization of genetically labeled gonadotropes.","volume":"149","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1208","article-title":"Genetic identification of GnRH receptor neurons: a new model for studying neural circuits underlying reproductive physiology in the mouse brain.","volume":"152","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-1-4","article-title":"Cre reporter strains produced by targeted insertion of EYFP and ECFP into the ROSA26 locus.","volume":"1","author":"Srinivas","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80730-8","article-title":"Variable patterns of axonal projections of sensory neurons in the mouse vomeronasal system.","volume":"97","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9209","article-title":"Z\/AP, a double reporter for cre-mediated recombination.","volume":"208","author":"Lobe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199804)250:4<488::AID-AR13>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Simultaneous observation of capillary nets and tenascin in intestinal villi.","volume":"250","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1305","article-title":"DNA methylation of intronic enhancers directs tissue-specific expression of steroidogenic factor 1\/adrenal 4 binding protein (SF-1\/Ad4BP).","volume":"152","author":"Hoivik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gni065","article-title":"Single copy shRNA configuration for ubiquitous gene knockdown in mice.","volume":"33","author":"Seibler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-4-1282","article-title":"Differential storage and release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-releasing hormone from individual gonadotropes separated by centrifugal elutriation.","volume":"122","author":"Lloyd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-3-1215","article-title":"Evidence for bidirectional interconversion of mammotropes and somatotropes: rapid reversion of acidophilic cell types to pregestational proportions after weaning.","volume":"129","author":"Porter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0414","article-title":"Use of a prolactin-Cre\/ROSA-YFP transgenic mouse provides no evidence for lactotroph transdifferentiation after weaning, or increase in lactotroph\/somatotroph proportion in lactation.","volume":"205","author":"Castrique","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1994.1031","article-title":"Dynamic changes in LHRH neurovascular terminals with various endocrine conditions in adults.","volume":"28","author":"King","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:14:3:407","article-title":"Ovarian hormones elicit phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular-signal regulated kinase in explants of the cerebral cortex.","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.9.5489","article-title":"Rapid membrane effects of steroids in neuroblastoma cells: effects of estrogen on mitogen activated protein kinase signalling cascade and c-fos immediate early gene transcription.","volume":"138","author":"Watters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.5.8612562","article-title":"Estrogen rapidly induces the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein in rat brain.","volume":"137","author":"Zhou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00581.x","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the rat pituitary during lactation and the estrous cycle.","volume":"6","author":"Funabashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60656-1","article-title":"Molecular and cellular bases of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in the pituitary and central nervous system.","volume":"50","author":"Conn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"2020071612203030100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.4.8137763","article-title":"Cytochemical detection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-binding sites on rat pituitary cells with luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone antigens during diestrous up-regulation.","volume":"134","author":"Childs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/153\/10\/4729\/10384922\/endo4729.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/153\/10\/4729\/10384922\/endo4729.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T19:55:33Z","timestamp":1594929333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/153\/10\/4729\/2424354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-1360","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}