{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:07:40Z","timestamp":1790762860979,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe iodine deficiency is characterized by goiter, preferential synthesis, and secretion of T3 in thyroids, hypothyroxinemia in plasma and tissues, normal or low plasma T3, and slightly increased plasma TSH. We studied changes in deiodinase activities and mRNA in several tissues of rats maintained on low-iodine diets (LIDs) or LIDs supplemented with iodine (LID+I). T4 and T3 concentrations decreased in plasma, tissues, and thyroids of LID rats, and T4 decreased more than T3 (50%). The highest type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1) activities were found in the thyroid, kidney, and the liver; pituitary, lung, and ovary had lower D1 activities; but the lowest levels were found in the heart and skeletal muscle. D1 activity decreased in all tissues of LID rats (10\u201340% of LID+I rats), except for ovary and thyroids, which D1 activity increased 2.5-fold. Maximal type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activities were found in thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary, increasing 6.5-fold in thyroids of LID rats and about 20-fold in the whole gland. D2 always increased in response to LID, and maximal increases were found in the cerebral cortex (19-fold), thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary (6-fold). Lower D2 activities were found in the ovary, heart, and adrenal gland, which increased in LID. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity was undetectable. Thyroidal Dio1 and Dio2 mRNA increased in the LID rats, and Dio1 decreased in the lung, with no changes in mRNA expression in other tissues. Our data indicate that LID induces changes in deiodinase activities, especially in the thyroid, to counteract the low T4 synthesis and secretion, contributing to maintain the local T3 concentrations in the tissues with D2 activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,11]],"date-time":"2012-11-11T01:56:03Z","timestamp":1352598963000},"page":"529-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Deiodinase Activities in Thyroids and Tissues of Iodine-Deficient Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Rosalia","family":"Lavado-Autric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro Mixto from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro Mixto from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Martinez","family":"de Mena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro Mixto from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella Morreale","family":"de Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro Mixto from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Jesus","family":"Obregon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro Mixto from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071612134213900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007360928","article-title":"Iodine deficiency and brain development in the first half of pregnancy.","volume":"10","author":"de Escobar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/107.7.1340","article-title":"Report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Committee on Standards for Nutritional Studies.","volume":"107","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0690473","article-title":"Iodoamino acid distribution in the thyroid of rats on different iodine intakes and with normal plasma protein bound iodine.","volume":"69","author":"Lamas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107443","article-title":"Triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the serum and thyroid glands of iodine-deficient rats.","volume":"52","author":"Abrams","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.9.8377","article-title":"The expression of the sodium\/iodide symporter is up-regulated in the thyroid of fetuses of iodine-deficient rats.","volume":"142","author":"Schr\u00f6der-van der Elst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-5-1780","article-title":"Are iodine-deficient rats euthyroid?","volume":"110","author":"Santisteban","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1200490","article-title":"Generalized deficiency of 3,5,3\u2032-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) in tissues from rats on a low iodine intake, despite normal circulating T3 levels.","volume":"120","author":"Escobar del Rey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-2-614","article-title":"Cerebral hypothyroidism in rats with adult-onset iodine deficiency.","volume":"115","author":"Obreg\u00f3n","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316262","article-title":"Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny.","volume":"111","author":"Lavado-Autric","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-5-2663","article-title":"Outer ring iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormone economy: responses to iodine deficiency in the rat fetus and neonate.","volume":"129","author":"Obreg\u00f3n","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.5.6002","article-title":"Iodothyronine deiodinase activities in fetal rat tissues at several levels of iodine deficiency: a role for the skin in 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine economy?","volume":"139","author":"Schr\u00f6der-van der Elst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0019","article-title":"Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling.","volume":"29","author":"Gereben","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.917","article-title":"The effects of iodine deficiency on thyroid hormone deiodination.","volume":"15","author":"Obregon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1325","article-title":"Mechanisms of adaptation to iodine deficiency in rats: thyroid status is tissue specific. Its relevance for man.","volume":"147","author":"Pedraza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-5-1890","article-title":"Effects of maternal hypothyroidism on the weight and thyroid hormone content of rat embryonic tissues, before and after onset of fetal thyroid function.","volume":"117","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-1-422","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and 5\u2032-deiodinase in the rat fetus late in gestation: effects of maternal hypothyroidism.","volume":"128","author":"Ruiz de O\u00f1a","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B17","first-page":"E625","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and 5\u2032-deiodinase in rat brown adipose tissue during fetal life.","volume":"257","author":"Obreg\u00f3n","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.10.7664675","article-title":"Presence of growth factors-induced type III iodothyronine 5-deiodinase in cultured rat brown adipocytes.","volume":"136","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.2.6537","article-title":"Expression profiles of the three iodothyronine deiodinases, D1, D2, and D3, in the developing rat.","volume":"140","author":"Bates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984351","article-title":"Modulation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activity in rat thyroid gland.","volume":"39","author":"Lisboa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1172","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00513.2002","article-title":"Acute cold exposure, leptin, and somatostatin analog (octreotide) modulate thyroid 5\u2032-deiodinase activity.","volume":"284","author":"Lisboa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.1.0579","article-title":"The human, but not rat, dio2 gene is stimulated by thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1).","volume":"15","author":"Gereben","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0739","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the type 1 selenodeiodinase gene (Dio1) results in marked changes in thyroid hormone economy in mice.","volume":"147","author":"Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.09.102","article-title":"Hepatic deiodinase activity is dispensable for the maintenance of normal circulating thyroid hormone levels in mice.","volume":"337","author":"Streckfuss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1572","article-title":"Life without thyroxine to 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine conversion: studies in mice devoid of the 5\u2032-deiodinases.","volume":"150","author":"Galton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B26","first-page":"E175","article-title":"Effect of iodine deficiency and cold exposure on thyroxine 5\u2032-deiodinase activity in various rat tissues.","volume":"260","author":"Pazos-Moura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1588","article-title":"Minireview: defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges.","volume":"150","author":"St Germain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0455","article-title":"Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases.","volume":"23","author":"Bianco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071612134213900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E54","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.1.E54","article-title":"Regional physiological adaptation of the central nervous system deiodinases to iodine deficiency.","volume":"281","author":"Peeters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/154\/1\/529\/10390390\/endo0529.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/154\/1\/529\/10390390\/endo0529.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T19:34:53Z","timestamp":1594928093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/154\/1\/529\/2423816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-1727","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}}}