{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:50:25Z","timestamp":1791849025788,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In addition to the well-characterized role of the sex steroid receptors in regulating fertility and reproduction, reproductive events are also mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to an individual's environment. Glucocorticoid secretion in response to stress contributes to the well-characterized suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis through central actions in the hypothalamus and pituitary. However, both animal and in vitro studies indicate that other components of the reproductive system are also regulated by glucocorticoids. Furthermore, in the absence of stress, it appears that homeostatic glucocorticoid signaling plays a significant role in reproduction and fertility in all tissues comprising the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Indeed, as central regulators of the immune response, glucocorticoids are uniquely poised to integrate an individual's infectious, inflammatory, stress, nutritional, and metabolic status through glucocorticoid receptor signaling in target tissues. Endocrine signaling between tissues regulating the immune and stress response and those determining reproductive status provides an evolutionary advantage, facilitating the trade-off between reproductive investment and offspring fitness. This review focuses on the actions of glucocorticoids in tissues important for fertility and reproduction, highlighting recent studies that show glucocorticoid signaling plays a significant role throughout the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and characterizing these effects as permissive or inhibitory in terms of facilitating reproductive success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,25]],"date-time":"2013-09-25T09:39:51Z","timestamp":1380101991000},"page":"4450-4468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["A Role for Glucocorticoids in Stress-Impaired Reproduction: Beyond the Hypothalamus and Pituitary"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Shannon","family":"Whirledge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Cidlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1086\/409052","article-title":"Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas","volume":"51","author":"Stearns","year":"1976","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071612475719000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01033.x","article-title":"Reproduction and resistance to stress: when and how","volume":"15","author":"Wingfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1950.30.3.241","article-title":"The adrenal cortex and homoestasis","volume":"30","author":"Sayers","year":"1950","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55653-2","article-title":"Effect of cortisone upon rates of glucose production and oxidation in the rat","volume":"197","author":"Welt","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(81)90040-3","article-title":"Neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of cardiovascular regulation and stress","volume":"5","author":"Galosy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314180","article-title":"VEP, physiological and psychological circadian variations in humans","volume":"235","author":"Stolz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(99)00188-5","article-title":"Stress hormones, Th1\/Th2 patterns, pro\/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease","volume":"10","author":"Elenkov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.34.030172.002233","article-title":"Reproduction: gonadal function and its regulation","volume":"34","author":"Schwartz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"Pt 13","key":"2020071612475719000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.024406","article-title":"Effects of corticosterone on innate and humoral immune functions and oxidative stress in barn owl nestlings","volume":"212","author":"Stier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E891","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2935","article-title":"Prepubertal glucocorticoid status and pubertal timing","volume":"96","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod33.2.423","article-title":"A suppression of gonadotropin secretion by cortisol in castrated male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) mediated by the interruption of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release","volume":"33","author":"Dubey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol Reprod,"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn021","article-title":"Potential significance of physiological and pharmacological glucocorticoids in early pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"Michael","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197603000-00009","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"271","author":"Olefsky","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(62)91124-1","article-title":"Studies on the mode of action of glucocorticoids in rats. I. Early effects of cortisol on blood glucose and on glucose entry into muscle, liver and adipose tissue","volume":"57","author":"Munck","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-104-25773","article-title":"Effect of mineralo- and glucoccoticoids on fasted adrenalectomized dogs subjected to electroshock","volume":"104","author":"Swingle","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.9.2668","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptors and the role of glucocorticoids in fetal lung development","volume":"69","author":"Ballard","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105560","article-title":"Comparison of effects of deoxycorticosterone and dexamethasone on cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine","volume":"46","author":"Schmid","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032026","article-title":"Glucocorticoid action networks\u2013an introduction to systems biology","volume":"89","author":"Chrousos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(96)00005-0","article-title":"Clinical aspects of glucocorticoid sensitivity","volume":"61","author":"Lamberts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R110.179325","article-title":"Cellular processing of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and protein: new mechanisms for generating tissue-specific actions of glucocorticoids","volume":"286","author":"Oakley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.03.020","article-title":"Chromatin architecture defines the glucocorticoid response","author":"Burd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.07.003","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in health and disease","author":"Kadmiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"2020071612475719000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.03.007","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in tissue-specific apopotosis regulated by glucocorticoids","volume":"109","author":"Viegas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.11.005","article-title":"The five Rs of glucocorticoid action during inflammation: ready, reinforce, repress, resolve, and restore","author":"Busillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2045","article-title":"New insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transactivation","volume":"154","author":"Vandevyver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4854","key":"2020071612475719000_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283939","article-title":"The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily","volume":"240","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-13-9-1125","article-title":"Conversion of cortisone to compound F","volume":"13","author":"Amelung","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000342502","article-title":"Exploring the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor action from sensitivity to resistance","volume":"24","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"issue":"13","key":"2020071612475719000_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.13.1608","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation","volume":"9","author":"Cole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"6047","key":"2020071612475719000_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/318635a0","article-title":"Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA","volume":"318","author":"Hollenberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"39","key":"2020071612475719000_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27857","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.39.27857","article-title":"The dominant negative activity of the human glucocorticoid receptor \u03b2 isoform. Specificity and mechanisms of action","volume":"274","author":"Oakley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117943","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor \u03b2, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans","volume":"95","author":"Bamberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01439-06","article-title":"Human glucocorticoid receptor \u03b2 binds RU-486 and is transcriptionally active","volume":"27","author":"Lewis-Tuffin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.03.025","article-title":"Translational regulatory mechanisms generate N-terminal glucocorticoid receptor isoforms with unique transcriptional target genes","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.09.002","article-title":"The human glucocorticoid receptor: molecular basis of biologic function","volume":"75","author":"Nicolaides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001","DOI":"10.1621\/nrs.10001","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of nuclear receptors and human disease","volume":"10","author":"Anbalagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl Recept Signal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90339-9","article-title":"Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"46","author":"Gigu\u00e8re","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"34","key":"2020071612475719000_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)81389-3","article-title":"Interaction of the Mr = 90,000 heat shock protein with the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"263","author":"Denis","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-2760(92)90111-D","article-title":"Steroid receptor folding by heat-shock proteins and composition of the receptor heterocomplex","volume":"3","author":"Pratt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.11.006","article-title":"Chaperoning steroidal physiology: lessons from mouse genetic models of Hsp90 and its cochaperones","volume":"1823","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"5855","key":"2020071612475719000_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142204","article-title":"Crossing the nuclear envelope: hierarchical regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport","volume":"318","author":"Terry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3109\/07435808909036347","article-title":"Protein-DNA interactions at steroid hormone regulated genes","volume":"15","author":"NIH Workshop on Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-3-245","article-title":"Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor function and tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Bamberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.027","article-title":"Widespread negative response elements mediate direct repression by agonist-liganded glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"145","author":"Surjit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5925","key":"2020071612475719000_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164265","article-title":"DNA binding site sequence directs glucocorticoid receptor structure and activity","volume":"324","author":"Meijsing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5456","key":"2020071612475719000_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5456.1262","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor: rapid exchange with regulatory sites in living cells","volume":"287","author":"McNally","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071612475719000_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(91)90168-U","article-title":"Regulatory crosstalk at composite response elements","volume":"16","author":"Miner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.2.943","article-title":"Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-\u03ba B by activated glucocorticoid receptors","volume":"15","author":"Scheinman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90395-U","article-title":"Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos\/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone","volume":"62","author":"Jonat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.038794","article-title":"Separating transrepression and transactivation: a distressing divorce for the glucocorticoid receptor?","volume":"72","author":"Newton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4422","key":"2020071612475719000_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.573923","article-title":"Prenatal stress reduces fertility and fecundity in female offspring","volume":"206","author":"Herrenkohl","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/50.2.249","article-title":"Assessment of adult and neonatal reproductive parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether vapors for two generations","volume":"50","author":"Carney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(89)90047-0","article-title":"Prenatal stress reduces fertility of male offspring in mice, without affecting their adult testosterone levels","volume":"23","author":"Crump","year":"1989","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00126-2","article-title":"Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow\u2013a review","volume":"60","author":"De Rensis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2598-7","article-title":"Modulation of the adrenocortical response to acute stress with respect to brood value, reproductive success and survival in the Eurasian hoopoe","volume":"173","author":"Schmid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071612475719000_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049895","article-title":"Stress-induced tradeoffs in a free-living lizard across a variable landscape: consequences for individuals and populations","volume":"7","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.20.4.684","article-title":"Seismic stress effects on reproductive structures of tomato, potato, and marigold","volume":"20","author":"Akers","year":"1985","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sst067","article-title":"Rice male development under drought stress: phenotypic changes and stage-dependent transcriptomic reprogramming","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Plant"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000138284.70670.d5","article-title":"Maternal prenatal anxiety and corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with timing of delivery","volume":"66","author":"Mancuso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00895.x","article-title":"The impact of gestational stress and prenatal growth on emotional problems in offspring: a review","volume":"115","author":"Rice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90307-3","article-title":"Reversible growth hormone deficiency and delayed puberty triggered by a stressful experience in a young adult","volume":"76","author":"Magner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.009","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to hypothalamic amenorrhea","volume":"1092","author":"Genazzani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05748.x","article-title":"Addison's disease associated with precocious sexual development in a boy","volume":"70","author":"Marilus","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B64","first-page":"201","article-title":"Cushing's disease presenting as pubertal arrest","volume":"6","author":"Zadik","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02822.x","article-title":"Abnormal puberty in paediatric Cushing's disease: relationship with adrenal androgen, sex hormone binding globulin and gonadotrophin concentrations","volume":"66","author":"Dupuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1987.641231x","article-title":"Effects of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoids on puberty in gilts reared in confinement","volume":"64","author":"Killian","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.7.7541","article-title":"Increased fetal glucocorticoid exposure delays puberty onset in postnatal life","volume":"141","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2012.09.001","article-title":"Prepubertal exposure to glucocorticoid delays puberty independent of the hypothalamic Kiss1-GnRH system in female rats","volume":"30","author":"Kinouchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90085-4","article-title":"Prenatal ACTH and corticosterone: effects on reproduction in male mice","volume":"32","author":"Politch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420350209","article-title":"Deleterious effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone administration during late pregnancy upon offspring somatic, neurological, and sexual development in mice","volume":"35","author":"Harvey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90077-5","article-title":"Effects of prenatal stress on reproduction in male and female mice","volume":"32","author":"Politch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(89)90073-7","article-title":"Perinatal treatment with glucocorticoids and the risk of maldevelopment of the brain","volume":"28","author":"Benesova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(92)90005-G","article-title":"Role of glucocorticoids in the stress-induced suppression of testicular steroidogenesis in adult male rats","volume":"26","author":"Orr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Horm Behav,"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0006-2","article-title":"Stress hormone and male reproductive function","volume":"322","author":"Hardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B75","first-page":"101","article-title":"[Glucocorticoids receptors in rat testis: their role in Leydig cells specific function and DNA synthesis (author's transl)]","volume":"37","author":"Evain","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020071612475719000_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(93)90036-J","article-title":"Localization of the glucocorticoid receptor in testis and accessory sexual organs of male rat","volume":"95","author":"Schultz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.01993.x","article-title":"Gene expression of ACTH, glucocorticoid receptors, 11\u03b2HSD enzymes, LH-, FSH-, GH receptors and aromatase in equine epididymal and testicular tissue","volume":"47","author":"Herrera-Luna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1071\/RD07033","article-title":"Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 in pig testes cells along fetal development","volume":"19","author":"Haeussler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-6-2142","article-title":"Direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"108","author":"Bambino","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-5-2099","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of P450scc mRNA and de novo synthesis in cultured Leydig cells","volume":"124","author":"Hales","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"26","key":"2020071612475719000_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20204","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003113200","article-title":"The role of arachidonic acid in steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene and protein expression","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-3-1429","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms for regulation of 3 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\/delta 5\u2014\u03944-isomerase, 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/C17-20 lyase cytochrome P450, and cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in primary cultures of mouse Leydig cells","volume":"129","author":"Payne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.109.009019","article-title":"Glucocorticoid suppresses steroidogenesis in rat progenitor Leydig cells","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:18:1:33","article-title":"Annexin 1 (lipocortin 1) mimics inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on testosterone secretion and enhances effects of interleukin-1\u03b2","volume":"18","author":"Cover","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-1249","article-title":"The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (gilz\/Tsc22d3-2) gene locus plays a crucial role in male fertility","volume":"26","author":"Suarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60447-1","article-title":"11 \u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","volume":"47","author":"Monder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60646-9","article-title":"11 \u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","volume":"57","author":"Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"issue":"32","key":"2020071612475719000_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)47248-7","article-title":"Cloning and expression of rat cDNA encoding corticosteroid 11\u03b2-dehydrogenase","volume":"264","author":"Agarwal","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"2020071612475719000_B89","first-page":"F896","article-title":"Expression and characterization of a new species of 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in Xenopus oocytes","volume":"265","author":"Naray-Fejes-Toth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90176-7","article-title":"Cloning and tissue distribution of the human 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme","volume":"105","author":"Albiston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2020071612475719000_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3131007","article-title":"Cloning and production of antisera to human placental 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","volume":"313","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.4.8114","article-title":"Minireview: 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1\u2014a tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action","volume":"142","author":"Seckl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"25","key":"2020071612475719000_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55351-5","article-title":"The human gene for 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization","volume":"266","author":"Tannin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1590233","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a predominant reductase in intact rat Leydig cells","volume":"159","author":"Leckie","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb02108.x","article-title":"Initial predominance of the oxidative activity of type I 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in primary rat Leydig cells and transfected cell lines","volume":"21","author":"Ge","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0046","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 in rat leydig cells: its role in blunting glucocorticoid action at physiological levels of substrate","volume":"146","author":"Ge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-39","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone induces expression of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in rat Leydig cells","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.1.8604","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induces apoptosis in rat leydig cells","volume":"143","author":"Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.585188","article-title":"Stress induces glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis of rat Leydig cells in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.9.1917","article-title":"Apoptosis of testicular germ cells induced by exogenous glucocorticoid in rats","volume":"15","author":"Yazawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00985.x","article-title":"Toxic effects of dexamethasone on mouse testicular germ cells","volume":"42","author":"Orazizadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0040038","article-title":"Hormonal and genetic control of germ cell apoptosis in the testis","volume":"4","author":"Sinha Hikim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2478\/v10042-009-0041-z","article-title":"Dexamethasone effects on Bax expression in the mouse testicular germ cells","volume":"47","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2008.2231.2236","article-title":"Dexamethasone effects on fas ligand expression in mouse testicular germ cells","volume":"11","author":"Khorsandi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1080\/107157621000006617","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol attenuates antioxidant activities in testis from male mice","volume":"36","author":"Kondo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.036","article-title":"Corticotrophin-releasing factor and stress-induced inhibition of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone pulse generator in the female","volume":"1364","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B107","first-page":"109","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, stress, and fertility","volume":"35","author":"Whirledge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2020071612475719000_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-008-9206-5","article-title":"Stress and reproductive failure: past notions, present insights and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x","article-title":"Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes","volume":"14","author":"Viau","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.13.430","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing activity in rat hypothalamic extract","volume":"13","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1966","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071612475719000_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306301","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of female reproduction","volume":"44","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res,"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0720385","article-title":"Stress or acute adrenocorticotrophin treatment suppresses LHRH-induced LH release in the ram","volume":"72","author":"Matteri","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil,"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"2020071612475719000_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(85)90021-6","article-title":"Naloxone reversal of stress-induced reproductive effects in the male rhesus monkey","volume":"5","author":"Gilbeau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-116-4-1341","article-title":"A study of the role of the postnatal testes in determining the ontogeny of gonadotropin secretion in the male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"116","author":"Plant","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod42.2.260","article-title":"Influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis on the menstrual cycle and the pituitary responsiveness to estradiol in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"42","author":"Hayashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B116","first-page":"233","article-title":"[Steroid receptors in the central nervous system. Implications in neurology]","volume":"140","author":"Poisson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.3.8119188","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated repression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone promoter activity in GT1 hypothalamic cell lines","volume":"134","author":"Chandran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020071612475719000_B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.06.002","article-title":"Glucocorticoid repression of the reproductive axis: effects on GnRH and gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels","volume":"256","author":"Gore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071612475719000_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0462","article-title":"Genomic and nongenomic cross talk between the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways","volume":"23","author":"Kotitschke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-111-4-1421","article-title":"Preparation of gonadotroph-enriched cell populations from adult rat anterior pituitary cells by centrifugal elutriation","volume":"111","author":"Hyde","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1139\/y00-096","article-title":"The expression, regulation and signal transduction pathways of the mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"78","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020071612475719000_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00419-7","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the GnRH receptor gene by glucocorticoids","volume":"200","author":"Maya-Nunez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.9.8756550","article-title":"Corticosterone selectively increases follicle-stimulating hormone \u03b2-subunit messenger ribonucleic acid in primary anterior pituitary cell culture without affecting its half-life","volume":"137","author":"Kilen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3350","article-title":"A novel avian hypothalamic peptide inhibiting gonadotropin release","volume":"275","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511003103","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a gonadotropin-inhibitory system in the brains of mammals","volume":"103","author":"Kriegsfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01260.x","article-title":"Gonadotrophin inhibitory hormone depresses gonadotrophin \u03b1 and follicle-stimulating hormone \u03b2 subunit expression in the pituitary of the domestic chicken","volume":"16","author":"Ciccone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1178","article-title":"Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone inhibits gonadal development and maintenance by decreasing gonadotropin synthesis and release in male quail","volume":"147","author":"Ubuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071612475719000_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01062.x","article-title":"Gonadotropin-inhibitory peptide in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in different reproductive conditions, and in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) relative to chicken-gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"15","author":"Bentley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0775","article-title":"Effect of RF-amide-related peptide-3 on luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion in ovine pituitary gonadotropes","volume":"150","author":"Sari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"27","key":"2020071612475719000_B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11324","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901176106","article-title":"Stress increases putative gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and decreases luteinizing hormone in male rats","volume":"106","author":"Kirby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.05.023","article-title":"Neonatal dexamethasone exposure down-regulates GnRH expression through the GnIH pathway in female mice","volume":"218","author":"Soga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"19","key":"2020071612475719000_B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834399100","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54","volume":"100","author":"de Roux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"17","key":"2020071612475719000_B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035322","article-title":"The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty","volume":"349","author":"Seminara","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.10.010","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of the colocalization of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor and glucocorticoid receptor in kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus of female rats","volume":"531","author":"Takumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01807.x","article-title":"Down-regulation of hypothalamic kisspeptin and its receptor, Kiss1r, mRNA expression is associated with stress-induced suppression of luteinising hormone secretion in the female rat","volume":"21","author":"Kinsey-Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6199-9_20","article-title":"Stress regulation of kisspeptin in the modulation of reproductive function","volume":"784","author":"Grachev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B137","first-page":"OR12-2","article-title":"Disruption of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Kisspeptin Neurons Accelerates the Recovery of Reproductive Function in the Post-Traumatic Stress Period","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1211","article-title":"Postnatal glucocorticoid excess due to pituitary glucocorticoid receptor deficiency: differential short- and long-term consequences","volume":"150","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(82)90057-5","article-title":"Rat ovary glucocorticoid receptor: identification and characterization","volume":"39","author":"Schreiber","year":"1982","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-1-162","article-title":"High level expression of wild type and variant mouse glucocorticoid receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"4","author":"Hirst","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-6-1888","article-title":"Synergistic effect of glucocorticoids on the stimulation of progesterone production by follicle-stimulating hormone in cultured rat granulosa cells","volume":"109","author":"Adashi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1730211","article-title":"Possible new mechanism of cortisol action in female reproductive organs: physiological implications of the free hormone hypothesis","volume":"173","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod15.2.235","article-title":"Role of insulin, thyroxin and cortisol in luteinization of porcine granulosa cells grown in chemically defined media","volume":"15","author":"Channing","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02147.x","article-title":"Direct inhibition of ovarian steroidogenesis by cortisol and the modulatory role of 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","volume":"38","author":"Michael","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071612475719000_B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1890","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1681","article-title":"Dexamethasone induces germ cell apoptosis in the human fetal ovary","volume":"97","author":"Poulain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071612475719000_B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00489-1","article-title":"Pleiotropic anti-apoptotic activity of glucocorticoids in ovarian follicular cells","volume":"66","author":"Sasson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.065656","article-title":"Cortisol is a suppressor of apoptosis in bovine corpus luteum","volume":"78","author":"Komiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.040","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation of MMP9 gene expression in human ovarian surface epithelial cells","volume":"92","author":"Rae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"17","key":"2020071612475719000_B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0182","article-title":"Glucocorticoids inhibit cell death in ovarian cancer and up-regulate caspase inhibitor cIAP2","volume":"11","author":"Runnebaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.12.8940361","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the rat corpus luteum: induction of messenger ribonucleic acid expression and bioactivity coincident with luteal regression","volume":"137","author":"Waddell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)04000-8","article-title":"Ontogeny and sexual dimorphic expression of mouse type 2 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","volume":"127","author":"Condon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)00146-9","article-title":"Leukocytes modulate 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11\u03b2-HSD) activity in human granulosa-lutein cell cultures","volume":"133","author":"Evagelatou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B153","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Differential expression of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in human granulosa cells","volume":"82","author":"Tetsuka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1770445","article-title":"Expression of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in bovine follicle and corpus luteum","volume":"177","author":"Tetsuka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.2.330","article-title":"Expression of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucocorticoid receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor genes in rat ovary","volume":"60","author":"Tetsuka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"8873","key":"2020071612475719000_B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91710-4","article-title":"Ovarian 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: potential predictor of conception by in-vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer","volume":"342","author":"Michael","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57798-X","article-title":"Ovarian 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is inversely related to the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer treatment cycles","volume":"64","author":"Michael","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00892.x","article-title":"Relationship between ovarian cortisol:cortisone ratios and the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)","volume":"51","author":"Michael","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"16","key":"2020071612475719000_B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00740a022","article-title":"Specific cytoplasmic glucocorticoid hormone receptors in lactating mammary glands","volume":"12","author":"Shyamala","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22896","article-title":"Glucocorticoid alternative effects on proliferating and differentiated mammary epithelium are associated to opposite regulation of cell-cycle inhibitor expression","volume":"227","author":"Hoijman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"5697","key":"2020071612475719000_B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5697.657","article-title":"Increased exposure of tissues to cortisol in late pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Burke","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1975.tb03299.x","article-title":"Immunoreactive ACTH and cortisol plasma levels during pregnancy. Detection and partial purification of corticotrophin-like placental hormone: the human chorionic corticotrophin (HCC)","volume":"4","author":"Genazzani","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2020071612475719000_B163","first-page":"293","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor of rat mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"20","author":"Alexandrova","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinol Exp"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0025","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Lindsay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0400046","article-title":"Effects of adrenalectomy and of treatment with adrenal cortex hormones on the arginase and phosphatase levels of lactating rats","volume":"40","author":"Folley","year":"1946","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(79)90021-8","article-title":"Ultrastructural alterations in mammary glands of pregnant rats after ovariectomy and hysterectomy: effect of adrenal steroids and prolactin","volume":"133","author":"Chatterton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-007-9055-3","article-title":"The role of glucocorticoids in secretory activation and milk secretion, a historical perspective","volume":"12","author":"Casey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0103","article-title":"The mineralocorticoid receptor may compensate for the loss of the glucocorticoid receptor at specific stages of mammary gland development","volume":"16","author":"Kingsley-Kallesen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0068","article-title":"The epithelial glucocorticoid receptor is required for the normal timing of cell proliferation during mammary lobuloalveolar development but is dispensable for milk production","volume":"19","author":"Wintermantel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.131.4.1095","article-title":"Glucocorticoid and progesterone inhibit involution and programmed cell death in the mouse mammary gland","volume":"131","author":"Feng","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2020071612475719000_B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00578","article-title":"A dual, non-redundant, role for LIF as a regulator of development and STAT3-mediated cell death in mammary gland","volume":"130","author":"Kritikou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071612475719000_B172","first-page":"685","article-title":"Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a influences mammary epithelial cell survival and tumorigenesis","volume":"10","author":"Humphreys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0517","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of mammary gland involution is associated with STAT5 and STAT3 signaling modulation","volume":"151","author":"Bertucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-2546","article-title":"Microarray analysis reveals glucocorticoid-regulated survival genes that are associated with inhibition of apoptosis in breast epithelial cells","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"35","key":"2020071612475719000_B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29825","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.393256","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor activation inhibits p53-induced apoptosis of MCF10Amyc cells via induction of protein kinase C\u03f5","volume":"287","author":"Aziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B176","first-page":"4602","article-title":"The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture","volume":"36","author":"Lippman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B177","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Glucocorticoids induce a G1\/G0 cell cycle arrest of Con8 rat mammary tumor cells that is synchronously reversed by steroid withdrawal or addition of transforming growth factor-\u03b1","volume":"7","author":"Goya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B178","first-page":"683","article-title":"Dexamethasone interferes with trastuzumab-induced cell growth inhibition through restoration of AKT activity in BT-474 breast cancer cells","volume":"32","author":"Sumikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071612475719000_B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.5.8.2875","article-title":"Dexamethasone decreases xenograft response to Paclitaxel through inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020071612475719000_B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.10.028","article-title":"The progesterone receptor regulates implantation, decidualization, and glandular development via a complex paracrine signaling network","volume":"357","author":"Wetendorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.033","article-title":"Potential biological functions emerging from the different estrogen receptors","volume":"1092","author":"Carpenter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"25","key":"2020071612475719000_B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198612183152501","article-title":"Termination of early pregnancy by the progesterone antagonist RU 486 (Mifepristone)","volume":"315","author":"Couzinet","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B183","first-page":"CD005996","article-title":"Peri-implantation glucocorticoid administration for assisted reproductive technology cycles","author":"Boomsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg502","article-title":"Successful pregnancy outcome following 19 consecutive miscarriages: case report","volume":"18","author":"Quenby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.11-122T","article-title":"Effects of cortisol on pregnancy rate and corpus luteum function in heifers: an in vivo study","volume":"58","author":"Duong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Reprod Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.01.008","article-title":"Immune regulation of conception and embryo implantation-all about quality control?","volume":"85","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/030089167906500214","article-title":"17 \u03b2-Estradiol, 5\u03b1-dihydrotestosterone, progesterone and cortisol receptors in normal and neoplastic human endometrium","volume":"65","author":"Prodi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1180375","article-title":"Adrenal glands alter the concentration of oestradiol-17\u03b2 and its receptor in the uterus of ovariectomized ewes","volume":"118","author":"Atkinson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod42.1.74","article-title":"Glucocorticoids inhibit estradiol-mediated uterine growth: possible role of the uterine estradiol receptor","volume":"42","author":"Rabin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-6-3193","article-title":"Glucocorticoid and progestin regulation of eosinophil chemotactic factor and complement C3 in the estrogen-treated rat uterus","volume":"126","author":"Howe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"13","key":"2020071612475719000_B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1099com","article-title":"Dexamethasone blocks the rapid biological effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol in the rat uterus without antagonizing its global genomic actions","volume":"17","author":"Rhen","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.045336","article-title":"Estrogens and glucocorticoids have opposing effects on the amount and latent activity of complement proteins in the rat uterus","volume":"74","author":"Rhen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002205","article-title":"Cross talk between glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors occurs at a subset of proinflammatory genes","volume":"186","author":"Cvoro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2020071612475719000_B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7386","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1545","article-title":"Glucocorticoids antagonize estrogens by glucocorticoid receptor-mediated activation of estrogen sulfotransferase","volume":"68","author":"Gong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"36","key":"2020071612475719000_B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24542","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.021469","article-title":"Estrogen inhibits glucocorticoid action via protein phosphatase 5 (PP5)-mediated glucocorticoid receptor dephosphorylation","volume":"284","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2020071612475719000_B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.05.002","article-title":"Cell type-specific bidirectional regulation of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene by estrogen","volume":"91","author":"Tynan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-012-0103-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoids regulate gene expression and repress cellular proliferation in human uterine leiomyoma cells","volume":"3","author":"Whirledge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230601","article-title":"Effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on the development of oestrogen-induced changes and hyperplasia formation in the mouse uterus","volume":"123","author":"Gunin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1748","article-title":"Estradiol antagonism of glucocorticoid-induced GILZ expression in human uterine epithelial cells and murine uterus","volume":"154","author":"Whirledge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.111054","article-title":"Global gene expression analysis in human uterine epithelial cells defines new targets of glucocorticoid and estradiol antagonism","volume":"89","author":"Whirledge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071612475719000_B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.12.8940400","article-title":"Changes in heat shock protein-90 and -70 messenger ribonucleic acid in uterine tissues of the ewe in relation to parturition and regulation by estradiol and progesterone","volume":"137","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(94)00154-E","article-title":"Changes in the levels of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA over the oestrous cycle in the rat","volume":"52","author":"Albiston","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.2.8593807","article-title":"Expression of 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"137","author":"Arcuri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.3.8603583","article-title":"Localization of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in rat tissues: in situ studies","volume":"137","author":"Roland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.1.5692","article-title":"Immunolocalization of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in rat uterus: variation across the estrous cycle and regulation by estrogen and progesterone","volume":"139","author":"Burton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.005488","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of expression of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 messenger RNA and glucocorticoid receptor protein in the murine placenta and uterus during late pregnancy","volume":"67","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020071612475719000_B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.12.010","article-title":"11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human endometrium","volume":"248","author":"McDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0289","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human decidua: a novel role for 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in late gestation","volume":"195","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1909","article-title":"Cortisol and interferon tau regulation of endometrial function and conceptus development in female sheep","volume":"154","author":"Dorniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B210","first-page":"259","article-title":"Human endometrial decidual cell-associated 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression: its potential role in implantation","volume":"3","author":"Arcuri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Early Pregnancy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1247","article-title":"Induction of 11\u03b2-HSD 1 and activation of distinct mineralocorticoid receptor- and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent gene networks in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"27","author":"Kuroda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000235879","article-title":"Differential expression and activity of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human placenta and fetal membranes from pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"25","author":"W\u00e4chter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1100","article-title":"Altered placental function of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 knockout mice","volume":"150","author":"Wyrwoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.4.799","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human pregnancy and reduced expression in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"13","author":"Shams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071612475719000_B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2727","article-title":"Endometrial CD56+ natural killer cells in women with recurrent miscarriage: a histomorphometric study","volume":"14","author":"Clifford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.05.012","article-title":"Prednisolone reduces preconceptual endometrial natural killer cells in women with recurrent miscarriage","volume":"84","author":"Quenby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.440411.x","article-title":"Successful uterine steroid therapy in a case with a history of ten miscarriages","volume":"44","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00976","article-title":"Differential glucocorticoid effects on proliferation and invasion of human trophoblast cell lines","volume":"132","author":"Mandl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"25","key":"2020071612475719000_B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32529-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1 \u03b2 regulates human cytotrophoblast metalloproteinase activity and invasion in vitro","volume":"269","author":"Librach","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071612475719000_B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0863","article-title":"Regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression in a human trophoblast cell line by glucocorticoid (GC) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071612475719000_B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0733","article-title":"The in-vitro characterization of induced apoptosis in placental cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts","volume":"22","author":"Crocker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.11.016","article-title":"Dexamethasone stimulates placental system A transport and trophoblast differentiation in term villous explants","volume":"31","author":"Audette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071612475719000_B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.6999","article-title":"Steroid regulation of human placental integrins: suppression of \u03b12 integrin expression in cytotrophoblasts by glucocorticoids","volume":"140","author":"Ryu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4366","key":"2020071612475719000_B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.705336","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth","volume":"202","author":"Reinisch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90394-M","article-title":"Severe symmetric intrauterine growth retardation associated with the topical use of triamcinolone","volume":"162","author":"Katz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B226","first-page":"259","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and small babies","volume":"87","author":"Seckl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071612475719000_B227","first-page":"469","article-title":"Betamethasone in the last week of pregnancy causes fetal growth retardation but not adult hypertension in rats","volume":"10","author":"McDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020071612475719000_B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00014-9","article-title":"Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones","volume":"27","author":"Maccari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056967","article-title":"Maternal stress induces epigenetic signatures of psychiatric and neurological diseases in the offspring","volume":"8","author":"Zucchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.05.003","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of perinatal programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and health","volume":"13","author":"Meaney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835e8d80","article-title":"Impact of stress and stress physiology during pregnancy on child metabolic function and obesity risk","volume":"16","author":"Entringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1980","article-title":"Glucocorticoid programming of the fetal male hippocampal epigenome","volume":"154","author":"Crudo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071612475719000_B233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012","article-title":"Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: two decades of testing the hypothesis\u20132012 Curt Richter Award Winner","volume":"38","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.03.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids as mediators of developmental programming effects","volume":"26","author":"Khulan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.141","article-title":"Prenatal and perinatal environmental influences on the human fetal and placental epigenome","volume":"92","author":"Hogg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.06.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, prenatal stress and the programming of disease","volume":"59","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2020071612475719000_B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3130997","article-title":"Purification of 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 from human placenta utilizing a novel affinity labelling technique","volume":"313","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1159\/000127146","article-title":"Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring in the rat","volume":"64","author":"Levitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000049763.51269.51","article-title":"Prenatal dexamethasone programs hypertension and renal injury in the rat","volume":"41","author":"Ortiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071612475719000_B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30982","article-title":"Prenatal dexamethasone exposure induces changes in nonhuman primate offspring cardiometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function","volume":"117","author":"de Vries","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9474","key":"2020071612475719000_B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66617-2","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betamethasone: 30-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"365","author":"Dalziel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071612475719000_B242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.03.009","article-title":"Fetal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with preadolescent brain development","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071612475719000_B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.27.6.1200","article-title":"Inhibition of 11-\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in pregnant rats and the programming of blood pressure in the offspring","volume":"27","author":"Lindsay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00958.x","article-title":"Inhibition of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the foeto-placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids, permanently programs amygdala GR mRNA expression and anxiety-like behaviour in the offspring","volume":"12","author":"Welberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"14","key":"2020071612475719000_B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4464-05.2006","article-title":"The mother or the fetus? 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 null mice provide evidence for direct fetal programming of behavior by endogenous glucocorticoids","volume":"26","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B246","first-page":"269","article-title":"Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"De Kloet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1054","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of prenatal synthetic glucocorticoids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function","volume":"153","author":"Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071612475719000_B248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509335868","article-title":"Epigenetics: connecting environment and genotype to phenotype and disease","volume":"88","author":"Barros","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612475719000_B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00201.2009","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation affects expression and epigenetic characteristics of the rat hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene","volume":"42","author":"Ke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071612475719000_B250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2160","article-title":"Prenatal synthetic glucocorticoid treatment changes DNA methylation states in male organ systems: multigenerational effects","volume":"153","author":"Crudo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071612475719000_B251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2012","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action","volume":"93","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/154\/12\/4450\/13635751\/endo4450.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/154\/12\/4450\/13635751\/endo4450.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T04:21:24Z","timestamp":1716006084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/154\/12\/4450\/2433331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"references-count":251,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2013-1652","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]}}}