{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:22:35Z","timestamp":1790997755145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>TGF\u03b2 has been implicated in preeclampsia, but its intracellular signaling via phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (SMADs) and SMAD-independent proteins in the placenta remains elusive. Here we show that TGF\u03b2 receptor-regulated SMAD2 was activated (Ser465\/467 phosphorylation) in syncytiotrophoblast and proliferating extravillous trophoblast cells of first-trimester placenta, whereas inhibitory SMAD7 located primarily to cytotrophoblast cells. SMAD2 phosphorylation decreased with advancing gestation, whereas SMAD7 expression increased and shifted to syncytiotrophoblasts toward term. Additionally, we found that the TGF\u03b2 SMAD-independent signaling via partitioning defective protein 6 (PARD6)\/Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor was activated at approximately 10\u201312 weeks of gestation in cytotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast cells comprising the anchoring column. Placentae from early-onset, but not late-onset, preeclampsia exhibited elevated SMAD2 phosphorylation and SMAD7 levels. Whereas PARD6 expression increased and SMURF1 levels decreased in preeclamptic placentae, their association increased. SMAD2 phosphorylation by TGF\u03b2 in villous explants and BeWo cells resulted in a reduction of Glial cell missing-1 (GCM1) and fusogenic protein syncytin-1 while increasing cell cycle regulators cyclin E-1 (CCNE1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. SMAD7 abrogated the proliferative effects of TGF\u03b2. CCNE1 levels were increased in preeclamptic placentae, whereas GCM1 was markedly reduced. In addition, TGF\u03b2 treatment increased the association of PARD6 and SMURF1 and down-regulated Ras homolog gene family, member A (RHOA) GTPase in JEG3 cells. In a wound assay, TGF\u03b2 treatment increased the association of PARD6 and SMURF1 and triggered JEG3 cell migration through increased cellular protrusions. Taken together, our data indicate that TGF\u03b2 signaling via both SMAD2\/7 and PARD6\/SMURF1 pathways plays a role in trophoblast growth and differentiation. Altered SMAD regulation of GCM1 and CCNE1 and aberrant expression\/activation of PARD6\/SMURF1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia by affecting cellular pathways associated with this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T18:03:12Z","timestamp":1450116192000},"page":"883-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Aberrant TGF\u03b2 Signaling Contributes to Altered Trophoblast Differentiation in Preeclampsia"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (J.X., T.S., A.T., J.R., I.C.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharini","family":"Sivasubramaniyam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology (T.S., J.R., M.P., I.C.), University of Toronto, 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