{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:01:43Z","timestamp":1790226103158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an environmental contaminant that is used as a biocide in antifouling paints. TBT has been shown to induce endocrine-disrupting effects. However, studies evaluating the effects of TBT on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are especially rare. The current study demonstrates that exposure to TBT is critically responsible for the improper function of the mammalian HPA axis as well as the development of abnormal morphophysiology in the pituitary and adrenal glands. Female rats were treated with TBT, and their HPA axis morphophysiology was assessed. High CRH and low ACTH expression and high plasma corticosterone levels were detected in TBT rats. In addition, TBT leads to an increased in the inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in the hypothalamus of TBT rats. Morphophysiological abnormalities, including increases in inflammation, a disrupted cellular redox balance, apoptosis, and collagen deposition in the pituitary and adrenal glands, were observed in TBT rats. Increases in adiposity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 protein expression in the adrenal gland were observed in TBT rats. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that TBT leads to functional dissociation between CRH, ACTH, and costicosterone, which could be associated an inflammation and increased of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in hypothalamus. Thus, TBT exerts toxic effects at different levels on the HPA axis function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T13:01:37Z","timestamp":1465304497000},"page":"2978-2995","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The Environmental Pollutant Tributyltin Chloride Disrupts the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis at Different Levels in Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Merlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria ES, 29040090 Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila L.","family":"Podratz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria ES, 29040090 Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela C.","family":"Sena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria ES, 29040090 Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia F. 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