{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:18:16Z","timestamp":1777702696652,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pituitary growth hormone (GH) and insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 are anabolic hormones whose physiological roles are particularly important during development. The activity of the GH\/IGF-1 axis is controlled by complex neuroendocrine systems including two hypothalamic neuropeptides, GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF), and a gastrointestinal hormone, ghrelin. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in tuning GH secretion, and its GH-stimulatory action has mainly been shown in adults but is not clearly documented during development. ACh, together with these hormones and their receptors, is expressed before birth, and somatotroph cells are already responsive to GHRH, SRIF, and ghrelin. We thus hypothesized that ACh could contribute to the modulation of the main components of the somatotropic axis during development. In this study, we generated a choline acetyltransferase knockout mouse line and showed that heterozygous mice display a transient deficit in ACh from embryonic day 18.5 to postnatal day 10, and they recover normal ACh levels from the second postnatal week. This developmental ACh deficiency had no major impact on weight gain and cardiorespiratory status of newborn mice. Using this mouse model, we found that endogenous ACh levels determined the concentrations of circulating GH and IGF-1 at embryonic and postnatal stages. In particular, serum GH level was correlated with brain ACh content. ACh also modulated the levels of GHRH and SRIF in the hypothalamus and ghrelin in the stomach, and it affected the levels of these hormones in the circulation. This study identifies ACh as a potential regulator of the somatotropic axis during the developmental period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T19:01:07Z","timestamp":1520017267000},"page":"1844-1859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acetylcholine Modulates the Hormones of the Growth Hormone\/Insulinlike Growth Factor-1 Axis During Development in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Marie-Jos\u00e9","family":"Lecomte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univercell-Biosolutions, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Bertolus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9lina","family":"Ramanantsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Saurini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Callebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U942-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"S\u00e9namaud-Beaufort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Ringot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Matrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, 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France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilan","family":"Vodjdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"},{"name":"CNRS, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Launay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U942-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Berrard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROTECT UMR1141-Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Paris, France"},{"name":"CNRS, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071622210356900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4137\/CMED.S38201","article-title":"Multiple effects of growth hormone in the body: is it really the hormone for growth","volume":"9","author":"Devesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071622210356900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150002","article-title":"Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone 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