{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:52:18Z","timestamp":1791420738850,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD007203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD007203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Centers for Translational Research","award":["HD012303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD012303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder characterized by theca cell hyperplasia and excessive androgen production. An increasing body of evidence has pointed to a close association between PCOS and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation. However, the mechanistic basis for this linkage is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of the inflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1\u03b2 on rat theca-interstitial cells (TICs). We found that incubation with either LPS or IL-1\u03b2 elicited a dose-dependent increase in both TIC viability and androgen production. Using RNA sequencing analysis, we found that both of these inflammatory agents also triggered profound and widespread shifts in gene expression. Using a stringent statistical cutoff, LPS and IL-1\u03b2 elicited differential expression of 5201 and 5953 genes, respectively. Among the genes upregulated by both LPS and IL-1\u03b2 were key regulatory genes involved in the cholesterol and androgen biosynthesis pathways, including Cyp17a1, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b, and Hmgcr. This provides a molecular explanation for the mechanism of action of inflammatory agents leading to increased androgen production. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that both LPS and IL-1\u03b2 regulated genes highly enriched for many common functions, including the immune response and apoptosis. However, a large number of genes (n = 2222) were also uniquely regulated by LPS and IL-1\u03b2, indicating that these inflammatory mediators have substantial differences in their mechanism of action. Together, these findings highlight the potential molecular mechanisms through which chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of androgen excess in PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T18:03:22Z","timestamp":1570730602000},"page":"2946-2958","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Inflammatory Stimuli Trigger Increased Androgen Production and Shifts in Gene Expression in Theca-Interstitial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsea W","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1512-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Sohni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6903-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Doblado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miles F","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R Jeffrey","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni J","family":"Duleba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, 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