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FSH and LH, which regulate different stages of gonadal development, are produced by two different cell types in the fish pituitary. This is in contrast to the situation in mammals and birds, and it enables investigation of their differential regulation. In the present study, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to show that Lh cells in adult female medaka express Gnrh receptors, whereas Fsh cells do not. This result was confirmed by patch-clamp recordings and by cytosolic Ca2+ measurements on dispersed pituitary cells, where Lh cells, but not Fsh cells, responded to Gnrh1 by biphasic alteration in action-potential frequencies and cytosolic Ca2+ levels. In contrast, both Fsh and Lh cells are able to respond to Gnrh1 in brain-pituitary tissue slices both electrically and by elevating the cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Using Ca2+ uncaging in combination with patch-clamp recordings and cytosolic Ca2+ measurements, we show that Fsh and Lh cells form homotypic and heterotypic networks in the pituitary. Taken together, these results show that the effects of Gnrh1 on Fsh release in adult female medaka are indirect and probably mediated via Lh cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T09:09:04Z","timestamp":1571303344000},"page":"3018-3032","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gnrh1-Induced Responses Are Indirect in Female Medaka Fsh Cells, Generated Through Cellular Networks"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kjetil","family":"Hodne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1123-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8368-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirill","family":"Ager-Wick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5111-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn-Arne","family":"Weltzien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2019112000102109700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001290211","article-title":"Structure and function of the median eminence","volume":"129","author":"Knigge","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019112000102109700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(81)90243-4","article-title":"Hypothalamic control of the pars distalis in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles","volume":"44","author":"Ball","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4989","key":"2019112000102109700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1038\/2061168a0","article-title":"Synaptic contacts between neurosecretory fibres and pituicytes in the pituitary of the eel","volume":"206","author":"Knowles","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"768","key":"2019112000102109700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1966.0005","article-title":"Neurosecretory innervation of the pituitary of the eels Anguilla and Conger I. 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