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Individuals produce gestural signals when their nervous system triggers the production of limb and body movement, which in turn functions to help mediate communication between or among individuals. Like many stereotyped motor patterns, the probability of a gestural display in a given social context can be modulated by sex steroid hormones. Here, we review how steroid hormones mediate the neural mechanisms that underly gestural communication in humans and nonhumans alike. This is a growing area of research, and thus we explore how sex steroids mediate brain areas involved in language production, social behavior, and motor performance. We also examine the way that sex steroids can regulate behavioral output by acting in the periphery via skeletal muscle. Altogether, we outline a new avenue of behavioral endocrinology research that aims to uncover the hormonal basis for one of the most common modes of communication among animals on Earth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T06:05:59Z","timestamp":1587362759000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Sex Steroids as Regulators of Gestural Communication"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"161","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J","family":"Tobiansky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J","family":"Fuxjager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0001","volume-title":"Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought","author":"McNeill","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.03.012","article-title":"Verbal working memory predicts co-speech gesture: evidence from individual differences","volume":"132","author":"Gillespie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep13175642","article-title":"Why do we gesture when we speak?","volume":"7","author":"Krauss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00395","article-title":"Explaining math: gesturing lightens the load","volume":"12","author":"Goldin-Meadow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.055","article-title":"Neural correlates of the processing of co-speech gestures","volume":"39","author":"Holle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn261","article-title":"A common network in the left cerebral hemisphere represents planning of tool use pantomimes and familiar intransitive gestures at the hand-independent level","volume":"19","author":"Kr\u00f3liczak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.09.067","article-title":"A common functional neural network for overt production of speech and gesture","volume":"284","author":"Marstaller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807572","volume-title":"Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance","author":"Kendon","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021121822161075000_CIT0009","volume-title":"Hormones and Animal Social Behavior. 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