{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:40:40Z","timestamp":1790613640806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH P50 HD012303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P50 HD012303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD090161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD090161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD082567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD082567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R24 HD102061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R24 HD102061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Androgens can affect the reproductive axis of both sexes. In healthy women, as in men, elevated exogenous androgens decrease gonad function and lower gonadotropin levels; such circumstances occur with anabolic steroid abuse or in transgender men (genetic XX individuals) taking androgen supplements. The neuroendocrine mechanisms by which endogenous or exogenous androgens regulate gonadotropin release, including aspects of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, remain unknown. Because animal models are valuable for interrogating neural and pituitary mechanisms, we studied effects of androgens in the normal male physiological range on in vivo LH secretion parameters in female mice and in vitro LH secretion patterns from isolated female pituitaries. We also assessed androgen effects on hypothalamic and gonadotrope gene expression in female mice, which may contribute to altered LH secretion profiles. We used a nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to isolate effects occurring specifically via androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Compared with control females, DHT-treated females exhibited markedly reduced in vivo LH pulsatility, with decreases in pulse frequency, amplitude, peak, and basal LH levels. Correlating with reduced LH pulsatility, DHT-treated females also exhibited suppressed arcuate nucleus Kiss1 and Tac2 expression. Separate from these neural effects, we determined in vitro that the female pituitary is directly inhibited by AR signaling, resulting in lower basal LH levels and reduced LH secretory responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses, along with lower gonadotropin gene expression. Thus, in normal adult females, male levels of androgen acting via AR can strongly inhibit the reproductive axis at both the neural and pituitary levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T22:09:57Z","timestamp":1603145397000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Androgen Suppresses In Vivo and In Vitro LH Pulse Secretion and Neural <i>Kiss1<\/i> and <i>Tac2<\/i> Gene Expression in Female Mice"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Lourdes A","family":"Esparza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Terasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander S","family":"Kauffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121718174681100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000500103","article-title":"Gonad hormone functions, and the reciprocal influence between gonads and hypophysis with its bearing 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