{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:36:11Z","timestamp":1791920171418,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incretin effect\u2014the amplification of insulin secretion after oral vs intravenous administration of glucose as a mean to improve glucose tolerance\u2014was suspected even before insulin was discovered, and today we know that the effect is due to the secretion of 2 insulinotropic peptides, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). But how important is it? Physiological experiments have shown that, because of the incretin effect, we can ingest increasing amounts of amounts of glucose (carbohydrates) without increasing postprandial glucose excursions, which otherwise might have severe consequences. The mechanism behind this is incretin-stimulated insulin secretion. The availability of antagonists for GLP-1 and most recently also for GIP has made it possible to directly estimate the individual contributions to postprandial insulin secretion of a) glucose itself: 26%; b) GIP: 45%; and c) GLP-1: 29%. Thus, in healthy individuals, GIP is the champion. When the action of both incretins is prevented, glucose tolerance is pathologically impaired. Thus, after 100 years of research, we now know that insulinotropic hormones from the gut are indispensable for normal glucose tolerance. The loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes, therefore, contributes greatly to the impaired postprandial glucose control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T04:36:23Z","timestamp":1617078983000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["The Role of Incretins on Insulin Function and Glucose Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Juul","family":"Holst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen N, DK-2200 \u00a0Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e6rke Smidt","family":"Gasbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen N, DK-2200 \u00a0Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9600-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette Marie","family":"Rosenkilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen N, DK-2200 \u00a0Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121717311076200_CIT0001","first-page":"371","volume":"26","year":"1890"},{"key":"2021121717311076200_CIT0002","first-page":"371","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and pancreas extirpation","volume":"21","author":"von Mering","year":"1889","journal-title":"Arch Exp Path Pharmak."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121717311076200_CIT0003","first-page":"20","article-title":"Contributions a l\u2019\u00e9tude des variation physiologiques de la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion interne de pancr\u00e9as: relations entre les secretions externe et interne du pancr\u00e9as","volume":"31","author":"Zunz","year":"1929","journal-title":"Archs Int Physiol Biochim."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121717311076200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103979","article-title":"Quantitative aspects of the reaction between insulin and insulin-binding antibody","volume":"38","author":"Berson","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"7349","key":"2021121717311076200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)90011-X","article-title":"New interpretation of oral glucose tolerance","volume":"2","author":"McIntyre","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121717311076200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1139\/o71-122","article-title":"A gastric inhibitory polypeptide. 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