{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:49:05Z","timestamp":1784166545444,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a pathology that often causes a gradual thyroid insufficiency in affected patients due to the autoimmune destruction of this gland. The cellular immune response mediated by T helper lymphocytes TH1 and TH17 can induce the HT disease. In this pathologic condition, there is an imbalance between the TH17 and Treg lymphocytes as well as a gut microbiota dysfunction. The objective of this work was to describe the interactions of the cell subpopulations that participate in HT. To achieve this goal, we generated a mathematical model that allowed the simulation of different scenarios for the dynamic interaction between thyroid cells, the immune system, and the gut microbiota. We used a hypothetical-deductive design of mathematical modeling based on a system of ordinary differential equations, where the state variables are the TH1, TH17, and Treg lymphocytes, the thyrocytes, and the bacteria from gut microbiota. This work generated a compartmental model of the cellular immune response occurring in the thyroid gland. It was observed that TH1 and TH17 lymphocytes could increase the immune cells\u2019 activity, as well as activate effector cells directly and trigger the apoptosis and inflammation processes of healthy thyrocytes indirectly. Likewise, the model showed that a reduction in Treg lymphocytes could increase the activity of TH17 lymphocytes when an imbalance of the gut microbiota composition occurred. The numerical results highlight the TH1, TH17, and bacterial balance of the gut microbiota activities as important factors for the development of HT disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T20:54:02Z","timestamp":1631134442000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Simulation Model for Hashimoto Autoimmune Thyroiditis Disease"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7065-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Salazar-Viedma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Microevoluci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2626-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Gabriel","family":"Verga\u00f1o-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Modelamiento Matem\u00e1tico Aplicado, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Pastenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Microevoluci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"D\u2019Afonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021101306435615800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1258\/0007142991902538","article-title":"Thyroid function","volume":"55","author":"Arthur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br Med Bull."},{"key":"2021101306435615800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44675-2_14","article-title":"The thyroid.","volume-title":"Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action. 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