{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:41:54Z","timestamp":1781174514237,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000762","name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Clinical Lectureships"},{"name":"NIHR Clinician Scientist Award","award":["CS-2018-18-ST2-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS-2018-18-ST2-002"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Professorship","award":["RP-2014-05-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-2014-05-001"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Senior Investigator Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to exert a significant impact on global health care systems, causing devastating mortality and morbidity. As time passes and our understanding of this novel respiratory virus deepens, it is increasingly clear that its effects extend beyond that of the respiratory system. The coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, obtains cellular access through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in a process requiring the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) protein. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are widely expressed in many endocrine glands. This, along with several case reports of thyroid and pituitary disruption in patients with COVID-19, has resulted in significant interest in its impact on the endocrine system. Indeed, as mortality is abated by the increasing availability of effective vaccines, there is increasing focus on the long-term effects on health in COVID-19 survivors. This review summarizes data investigating the effects of COVID-19 on each of the endocrine axes to guide appropriate investigations and optimal management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T17:54:40Z","timestamp":1632160480000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Sophie A","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Abbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waljit S","family":"Dhillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01292-y","article-title":"Attributes and predictors of long COVID","volume":"27","author":"Sudre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.152","article-title":"Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding","volume":"27","author":"Gui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102254","article-title":"Targeting androgen regulation of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 as a therapeutic strategy to combat COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iscience."},{"issue":"7807","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"7798","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"September","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endocrine significance of SARS-CoV-2\u2019s reliance on ACE2","volume":"161","author":"Lazartigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"17","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4281","article-title":"Analysis of 2019-nCoV receptor ACE2 expression in different tissues and its significance study","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02697-y","article-title":"A potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pituitary glands and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"72","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","article-title":"Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways","volume":"203","author":"Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1139\/O10-022","article-title":"Endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"88","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0651","article-title":"Pituitary apoplexy: re-evaluation of risk factors for bleeding into pituitary adenomas and impact on outcome","volume":"164","author":"M\u00f6ller-Goede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000163","article-title":"The coagulopathy of acute sepsis","volume":"28","author":"Simmons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e671","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30217-9","article-title":"Haematological characteristics and risk factors in the classification and prognosis evaluation of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"issue":"570","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd3876","article-title":"Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01080-w","article-title":"Pituitary apoplexy associated with acute COVID-19 infection and pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvaa203","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa203","article-title":"A rare case of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with pituitary apoplexy without comorbidities","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2020.06.001","article-title":"Pituitary tumor resection in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. A case report and suggested airway management guidelines","volume":"70","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_305_2020","article-title":"Pituitary macroadenoma apoplexy in a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-positive testing: causal or casual?","volume":"11","author":"Solorio-Pineda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0021","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pituitary apoplexy attributed to COVID-19 infection in the absence of an underlying macroadenoma or other identifiable cause","volume":"13","author":"Bordes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.02.045","article-title":"Pituitary apoplexy in the setting of COVID-19 infection","volume":"47","author":"LaRoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x","article-title":"Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"63","author":"Leow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab349","article-title":"Normal adrenal and thyroid function in patients who survive COVID-19 infection","volume":"106","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.06.011","article-title":"Pathology of the thyroid in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01436-w","article-title":"Detection of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE-2 mRNA in thyroid cells: a clue for COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis","volume":"44","author":"Rotondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potential interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and thyroid: a review","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa276","article-title":"Is subacute thyroiditis an underestimated manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Insights from a case series","author":"Brancatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCEM."},{"issue":"March","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0029","first-page":"9","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: an endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hormones."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01316-3","article-title":"A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection","volume":"43","author":"Asfuroglu Kalkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01312-7","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a potential trigger for subacute thyroiditis? Insights from a case report","volume":"43","author":"Ippolito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"20","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0032","first-page":"2019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis","volume":"66","author":"Muller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0335","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study","volume":"183","author":"Lania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e803","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa830","article-title":"Thyroid function before, during, and after COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01366-7","article-title":"SARS-COV-2 as a trigger for autoimmune disease: report of two cases of Graves\u2019 disease after COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Mateu-Salat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01440-0","article-title":"COVID-19: a cause of recurrent Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism?","volume":"44","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Blanco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-5","article-title":"Viruses and thyroiditis: an update","volume":"6","author":"Desailloud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0038","first-page":"2976","volume-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","author":"Salvi","year":"1996"},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0039","first-page":"670","article-title":"Beyond low plasma T3: local thyroid hormone metabolism during inflammation and infection","volume-title":"Endocr Rev","author":"Boelen","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0201","article-title":"Non-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different faces","volume":"24","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0041","first-page":"4032","article-title":"Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"82","author":"Fliers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0363","article-title":"Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0043","first-page":"469","article-title":"Role of non-thyroidal illness syndrome in predicting adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients predominantly of mild-moderate severity","volume-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1391","article-title":"The spectrum of thyroid function tests during hospitalization for SARS COV-2 infection","volume":"184","author":"Campi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"October","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01460-w","article-title":"Thyroid hormone concentrations in severely or critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"The RECOVERY Collaborative Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0048","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effects of hydrocortisone on pulsatile pituitary glycoprotein secretion","volume":"78","author":"Samuels","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa537","article-title":"Is subacute thyroiditis an underestimated manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Insights from a case series","volume":"105","author":"Brancatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"July","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spectrum of endocrine dysfunction and association with disease severity in patients with COVID-19: insights from a cross-sectional, observational study","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e926","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa813","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in relation to immune profile, disease status, and outcome in 191 patients with COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0052","first-page":"593179","article-title":"The adrenal cortex, an underestimated site of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","author":"Mao","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0053","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of hyponatremia in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City","author":"Frontera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab107","article-title":"Dysnatremia is a predictor for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Tzoulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0055","first-page":"e724","article-title":"Understanding the underlying mechanisms of hyponatremia in coronavirus disease 2019 is critical since treatment varies based on etiology: let us not forget critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency as the treatment is very different and often lifesaving!","volume-title":"Crit Care Med","author":"Honore","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0056","first-page":"20200075","article-title":"A case of adrenal infarction in a patient with COVID 19 infection","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJR Case Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.03.032","article-title":"Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in a man with severe COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Elkhouly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239643","article-title":"Adrenal haemorrhage as a complication of COVID-19 infection","volume":"13","author":"Sharrack","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0722","article-title":"Case report: COVID-19 with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage","volume":"103","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Troncoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0060","first-page":"e237690","article-title":"New onset adrenal insufficiency in a patient with COVID-19","volume-title":"BMJ Case Rep","year":"2021"},{"issue":"16","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214969","article-title":"Reduced cortisol metabolism during critical illness","volume":"368","author":"Boonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30216-3","article-title":"Association between high serum total cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002737","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in critically ill patients (part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017","volume":"45","author":"Annane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.014","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 viral infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"27","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215818","article-title":"\u2018Long-COVID\u2019: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Mandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.04.011","article-title":"Fatigue, endocrinopathies, and metabolic disorders","volume":"2","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pm R."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1710","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040920","article-title":"scRNA-sequenceing of human testes reveals the presence of the ACE2 receptor, a target for SARS-CoV-2 infection in spermatogonia, leydig and sertoli cells","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00604-5","article-title":"Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and spermatogenesis damage in COVID-19 patients","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2020.05.009","article-title":"Pathological findings in the testes of COVID-19 patients: clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa050","article-title":"Absence of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testes of COVID-19 patients\u2020","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0072","first-page":"e208292","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with coronavirus disease 2019","volume-title":"JAMA Netw Open","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024","article-title":"No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"113","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"0123456789","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0074","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study of SARS\u2011CoV\u20112 in semen and urine samples of a volunteer with positive naso\u2011pharyngeal swab","author":"Pallotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0075","first-page":"456","article-title":"Evaluation of sex-related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive-aged male COVID-19 patients","volume-title":"J Med Virol","author":"Ma","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0076","first-page":"e13912","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: a cross-sectional, pilot study","volume-title":"Andrologia","author":"Temiz","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028","article-title":"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Holtmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002769","article-title":"Orchiepididymitis in a boy with COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101349","article-title":"Atypical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in male genitalia","volume":"33","author":"\u00d6zveri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.07.017","article-title":"Testicular pain as an unusual presentation of COVID-19: a brief review of SARS-CoV-2 and the testis","volume":"41","author":"La Marca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13753","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13753","article-title":"Is there any association of COVID-19 with testicular pain and epididymo-orchitis?","volume":"75","author":"Ediz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0082","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging findings of acute testicular infection in patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2020.1798862","article-title":"Does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause orchitis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?","volume":"18","author":"Alkhatatbeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab J Urol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg412","article-title":"History of febrile illness and variation in semen quality","volume":"18","author":"Carlsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12848","article-title":"Absence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen of a COVID-19 patient cohort","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12939","article-title":"No detection of SARS-CoV-2 from urine, expressed prostatic secretions, and semen in 74 recovered COVID-19 male patients: a perspective and urogenital evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13912","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13912","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: a cross-sectional, pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Temiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0088","article-title":"Sex hormone and metabolic dysregulations are associated with critical illness in male Covid-19 patients","author":"Schroeder","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-3-444","article-title":"Transient hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by critical illness","volume":"60","author":"Woolf","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199911000-00016","article-title":"Hypotestosteronemia in chronically critically ill men","volume":"27","author":"Nierman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0091","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of circulating sex hormones with inflammation and disease severity in patients with COVID-19","author":"Dhindsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0092","article-title":"Male pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. prevalence and associated factors: a Mediterranean case series","author":"Moreno-Perez","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642755","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.642755","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women\u2019s reproductive health","volume":"12","author":"Phelan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.06.060","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7), its receptor Mas, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 are expressed in the human ovary","volume":"95","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230807","article-title":"In vitro development of pig preantral follicles cultured in a serum-free medium and the effect of angiotensin II","volume":"123","author":"Shuttleworth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1146","article-title":"Angiotensin II signaling promotes follicle growth and dominance in cattle","volume":"152","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.06.005","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin II with follicle cells and insulin-like growth factor-I or insulin on bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development","volume":"66","author":"Stefanello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0643","article-title":"Angiogenesis in the human corpus luteum: changes in expression of angiopoietins in the corpus luteum throughout the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy","volume":"90","author":"Sugino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa211","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, is required for human endometrial stromal cell decidualization\u2020","volume":"104","author":"Chadchan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.04.007","article-title":"Prolactin in response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women","volume":"36","author":"Lennartsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.09.020","article-title":"Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine."},{"issue":"April","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Heal."},{"issue":"March","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0104","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of ovarian injury associated with COVID-19 disease in reproductive-aged women in Wuhan, China: an observational study","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00435-4","article-title":"COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to clinical management","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.01.016","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity, metabolism and SARS-CoV-2 infection: the end of the beginning","volume":"33","author":"Drucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0109-4","article-title":"Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2020.100609","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Coronavirus disease 2019 infection: case series","volume":"93","author":"Alsadhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res - Clin Exp."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108166","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus","volume":"164","author":"Chee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.114","article-title":"Newly diagnosed diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID-19 infection","volume":"38","author":"Heaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30272-2","article-title":"Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study","volume":"8","author":"Barron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2018688","article-title":"New-onset diabetes in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Rubino","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00347-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas","volume":"3","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23886-3","article-title":"Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Steenblock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.006","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the microvasculature and ducts of human pancreas but are not enriched in \u03b2 cells","volume":"32","author":"Coate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.005","article-title":"Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in the pancreas of normal organ donors and individuals with COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Kusmartseva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596898","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.596898","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic \u03b2-cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature","volume":"11","author":"Fignani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.08.015","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review of literature","volume":"14","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30221-7","article-title":"Protracted ketonaemia in hyperglycaemic emergencies in COVID-19: a retrospective case series","volume":"8","author":"Armeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14057","article-title":"COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2062","article-title":"Comparison of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and over the same time period for the preceding 3 years","volume":"44","author":"Misra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01570-0","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes onset triggered by COVID-19","volume":"57","author":"Marchand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"issue":"May","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0123","first-page":"1","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as a potential cause of type 1 diabetes facilitated by spike protein receptor binding domain attachment to human islet cells: an illustrative case study and experimental data","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00281-8","article-title":"Autoantibody-negative insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Hollstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121001114468000_CIT0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00407-6","article-title":"Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"3","author":"Montefusco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab."}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqab203\/40417330\/bqab203.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/163\/1\/bqab203\/41694948\/bqab203.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/163\/1\/bqab203\/41694948\/bqab203.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T01:13:24Z","timestamp":1639098804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/doi\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqab203\/6372868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqab203","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"article-number":"bqab203"}}