{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:43:49Z","timestamp":1791110629124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIMH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99\/R00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99\/R00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pathway to Independence Award","award":["MH120327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH120327"]}]},{"name":"NARSAD Young Investigator","award":["#31308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#31308"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001391","name":"Whitehall Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2022-08-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022-08-051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Stressful life experiences are associated with the development of neuropsychiatric disorders like depression. Emerging evidence indicates that microglia, the specialized resident macrophages of the brain, may be a key mediator of the relationship between psychosocial stressor exposure and adaptive or maladaptive responses at the level of synaptic, circuit, and neuroimmune alterations. Here, we review current literature regarding how psychosocial stressor exposure changes microglial structure and function, thereby altering behavioral and brain outcomes, with a particular focus on age- and sex-dependent effects. We argue that additional emphasis should be placed in future research on investigating sex differences and the impacts of stressor exposure during sensitive periods of development, as well as going beyond traditional morphological measurements to interrogate microglial function. The bidirectional relationship between microglia and the stress response, particularly the role of microglia in the neuroendocrine control of stress-related circuits, is also an important area for future investigation. Finally, we discuss emerging themes and future directions that point to the possibility of the development of novel therapeutics for stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T13:34:40Z","timestamp":1686317680000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Stressed Microglia: Neuroendocrine\u2013Neuroimmune Interactions in the Stress Response"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-414X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle K","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA 30303 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA 30303 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0352-9","article-title":"The long-term impact of early adversity on late-life psychiatric disorders","volume":"15","author":"Gershon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.10.032","article-title":"Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics","volume":"233","author":"Heim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"6597","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn4016","article-title":"Principles of emotional brain circuit maturation","volume":"376","author":"Birnie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.02.016","article-title":"Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health","volume":"96","author":"Marin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B5","article-title":"Neurobiological and systemic effects of chronic stress","volume":"1","author":"McEwen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002","article-title":"Small cells with big implications: microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health","volume":"176","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"45","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16064","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4158-11.2011","article-title":"The role of microglia in the healthy brain","volume":"31","author":"Tremblay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2016.02.006","article-title":"Microglia: architects of the developing nervous system","volume":"26","author":"Frost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100616-060509","article-title":"Microglia and the brain: complementary partners in development and disease","volume":"34","author":"Hammond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00698","article-title":"Microglia and beyond: innate immune cells as regulators of brain development and behavioral function","volume":"9","author":"Lenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.103","article-title":"Deficient autophagy in microglia impairs synaptic pruning and causes social behavioral defects","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1383","article-title":"Minireview: role of glia in neuroendocrine function","volume":"145","author":"Garcia-Segura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00053","article-title":"Missing and possible link between neuroendocrine factors, neuropsychiatric disorders, and microglia","volume":"7","author":"Kato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.104987","article-title":"Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: a story of microglial remodeling","volume":"145","author":"Picard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00053","article-title":"Neuroendocrine regulation of brain cytokines after psychological stress","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","article-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain","volume":"9","author":"Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12781","article-title":"Neuroimmune and neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression: two sides of the same coin","volume":"1351","author":"Horowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_25","article-title":"Stress-induced microglia activation and monocyte trafficking to the brain underlie the development of anxiety and depression","volume":"31","author":"Ramirez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.02.001","article-title":"Chronic stress alters the density and morphology of microglia in a subset of stress-responsive brain regions","volume":"24","author":"Tynan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100378","article-title":"Sex and region-specific effects of variable stress on microglia morphology","volume":"18","author":"Tsyglakova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100312","article-title":"Synaptic and behavioral effects of chronic stress are linked to dynamic and sex-specific changes in microglia function and astrocyte dystrophy","volume":"14","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"issue":"13","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110600","article-title":"Early stress-induced impaired microglial pruning of excitatory synapses on immature CRH-expressing neurons provokes aberrant adult stress responses","volume":"38","author":"Bolton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6","article-title":"The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress","volume":"18","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"21","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","article-title":"Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads","volume":"110","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22389","article-title":"The \u201cquad-partite\u201d synapse: microglia-synapse interactions in the developing and mature CNS","volume":"61","author":"Schafer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100111","article-title":"Stress and brain immunity: microglial homeostasis through hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and sympathetic nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Sugama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199705)20:1<23::AID-GLIA3>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors in microglial cells: the two receptors mediate differential effects of corticosteroids","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.12.012","article-title":"Corticosteroids limit microglial activation occurring during acute stress","volume":"232","author":"Sugama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.012","article-title":"Stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoids increases microglia proliferation through NMDA receptor activation","volume":"171","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"6344","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal3222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3222","article-title":"An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity","volume":"356","author":"Gosselin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.12.003","article-title":"Regulation of IL-18 expression by CRH in mouse microglial cells","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.10.028","article-title":"Interleukin-18 displays effects opposite to those of interleukin-1 in the regulation of neuroendocrine stress axis","volume":"160","author":"Tringali","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0722215.x","article-title":"Murine microglial cells produce and respond to interleukin-18","volume":"72","author":"Prinz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867217","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.867217","article-title":"Microglia don\u2019t treat all neurons the same: the importance of neuronal subtype in microglia-neuron interactions in the developing hypothalamus","volume":"16","author":"Ngozi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.458901","article-title":"Norepinephrine Modulates the Motility of Resting and Activated Microglia via Different Adrenergic Receptors","volume":"288","author":"Gyoneva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.11.021","article-title":"The involvement of norepinephrine and microglia in hypothalamic and splenic IL-1\u03b2 responses to stress","volume":"173","author":"Blandino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0450-11.2011","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonism Prevents Anxiety-Like Behavior and Microglial Reactivity Induced by Repeated Social Defeat","volume":"31","author":"Wohleb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1632-z","article-title":"Stress-induced microglial activation occurs through \u03b2-adrenergic receptor: noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in microglial activation","volume":"16","author":"Sugama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200023","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200023","article-title":"Microglia as Central Protagonists in the Chronic Stress Response","volume":"9","author":"Schramm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.07.008","article-title":"Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. coli lipopolysaccharide","volume":"24","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.022","article-title":"Microglial-glucocorticoid receptor depletion alters the response of hippocampal microglia and neurons in a chronic unpredictable mild stress paradigm in female mice","volume":"97","author":"Picard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.03.005","article-title":"Microglia serve as a neuroimmune substrate for stress-induced potentiation of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"21","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.10.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced priming of microglial pro-inflammatory responses","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-12-199312150-00007","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates","volume":"119","author":"Boumpas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4874","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9408-7","article-title":"Stress-induced depressive behaviors require a functional NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"53","author":"Alcocer-G\u00f3mez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104564","article-title":"Txnip mediates glucocorticoid-activated NLRP3 inflammatory signaling in mouse microglia","volume":"131","author":"Bharti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.10.009","article-title":"The influence of microglial elimination and repopulation on stress sensitization induced by repeated social defeat","volume":"85","author":"Weber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0672-x","article-title":"Social defeat induces depressive-like states and microglial activation without involvement of peripheral macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Lehmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.09.018","article-title":"Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions","volume":"131","author":"Krishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.361","article-title":"A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice","volume":"6","author":"Golden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28737-8","article-title":"Decoding microglia responses to psychosocial stress reveals blood-brain barrier breakdown that may drive stress susceptibility","volume":"8","author":"Lehmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.030","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and behavioral despair following chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"81","author":"Horchar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.05.026","article-title":"Stress-induced neuronal colony stimulating factor 1 provokes microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and depressive-like behavior","volume":"83","author":"Wohleb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100342","article-title":"Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0720-1","article-title":"Diazepam limits microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the prefrontal cortex and associated behavioral consequences following chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"45","author":"Bollinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23885","article-title":"Microglial CX3CR1 production increases in Alzheimer's Disease and is regulated by noradrenaline","volume":"69","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.07.024","article-title":"Fractalkine receptor deficiency impairs microglial and neuronal responsiveness to chronic stress","volume":"55","author":"Milior","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3641","article-title":"Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior","volume":"17","author":"Zhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.036","article-title":"The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination","volume":"131","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.09.005","article-title":"Complement C3 and C3aR mediate different aspects of emotional behaviours; relevance to risk for psychiatric disorder","volume":"99","author":"Westacott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.04.007","article-title":"Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates IL-1\u03b2-related inflammation in prefrontal cortex of depressive rats","volume":"41","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.03.004","article-title":"Complement component 3a receptor deficiency attenuates chronic stress-induced monocyte infiltration and depressive-like behavior","volume":"70","author":"Crider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111973","article-title":"Stress resilience is established during development and is regulated by complement factors","volume":"42","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018","article-title":"Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: towards a unique trophic phenotype","volume":"131","author":"Prowse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.01.014","article-title":"Depletion of microglial BDNF increases susceptibility to the behavioral and synaptic effects of chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"109","author":"Woodburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B69","first-page":"468","article-title":"Microglial function in the effects of early-life stress on brain and behavioral development","volume":"9","author":"Catale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.12.012","article-title":"New insights into early-life stress and behavioral outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Bolton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.200","article-title":"Fragmentation and high entropy of neonatal experience predict adolescent emotional outcome","volume":"6","author":"Molet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135381","article-title":"Sex differences in prefrontal cortex microglia morphology: impact of a two-hit model of adversity throughout development","volume":"738","author":"Gildawie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113254","article-title":"Jmjd3 is involved in the susceptibility to depression induced by maternal separation via enhancing the neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male rats","volume":"328","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100142","article-title":"Maternal separation leads to regional hippocampal microglial activation and alters the behavior in the adolescence in a sex-specific manner","volume":"9","author":"Bachiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001544","article-title":"Repeated and single maternal separation specifically alter microglial morphology in the prefrontal cortex and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of 15-day-old male mice","volume":"31","author":"Reshetnikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.06.006","article-title":"Early life stress perturbs the maturation of microglia in the developing hippocampus","volume":"57","author":"Delpech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.09.014","article-title":"Early life stress impairs synaptic pruning in the developing hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"Dayananda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02265-6","article-title":"Early-life stress lastingly impacts microglial transcriptome and function under basal and immune-challenged conditions","volume":"12","author":"Reemst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.12.023","article-title":"Early-life stress lastingly alters the neuroinflammatory response to amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer's Disease mouse model","volume":"63","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-015-0361-z","article-title":"Early-life stress increases the motility of microglia in adulthood","volume":"65","author":"Takatsuru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07630.x","article-title":"Sex differences in microglial colonization of the developing rat brain","volume":"120","author":"Schwarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.10.003","article-title":"Differential effects of stress on microglial cell activation in male and female medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"52","author":"Bollinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013865","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.1013865","article-title":"Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Garvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12762","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12762","article-title":"Gonadal hormones differentially regulate sex-specific stress effects on glia in the medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"31","author":"Bollinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9005","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-09005.2002","article-title":"A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits","volume":"22","author":"De Vries","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.001","article-title":"What does the \u201cfour core genotypes\u201d mouse model tell US about sex differences in the brain and other tissues?","volume":"30","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187631","article-title":"Behavioral stress alters corticolimbic microglia in a sex- and brain region-specific manner","volume":"12","author":"Bollinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01547-7","article-title":"Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus for efficient gene delivery to microglia","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.05.030","article-title":"Differential effects of homotypic vs heterotypic chronic stress regimens on microglial activation in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"122","author":"Kopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-4-1343","article-title":"Circadian variations in plasma corticosterone permit normal termination of adrenocorticotropin responses to stress","volume":"122","author":"Jacobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.016","article-title":"A P2X7 receptor antagonist reverses behavioural alterations, microglial activation and neuroendocrine dysregulation in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model of depression in mice","volume":"97","author":"Farooq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645244","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.645244","article-title":"The P2X7 receptor in microglial cells modulates the endolysosomal axis, autophagy, and phagocytosis","volume":"15","author":"Campagno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.11.009","article-title":"Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock","volume":"45","author":"Fonken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.019","article-title":"Diminished circadian rhythms in hippocampal microglia may contribute to age-related neuroinflammatory sensitization","volume":"47","author":"Fonken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2024102109283622600_bqad088-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00242","article-title":"An overview of in vitro methods to study microglia","volume":"12","author":"Timmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqad088\/50517927\/bqad088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/164\/7\/bqad088\/59924343\/bqad088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/164\/7\/bqad088\/59924343\/bqad088.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:29:12Z","timestamp":1729502952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/doi\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqad088\/7190275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqad088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"article-number":"bqad088"}}