{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:28:54Z","timestamp":1780324134256,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 ES030405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 ES030405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006710","name":"Wayne State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hormonal contraceptives are widely prescribed due to their effectiveness and convenience and have become an integral part of family planning strategies worldwide. In the United States, approximately 65% of reproductive-aged women are estimated to be using contraceptive options, with approximately 33% using one or a combination of hormonal contraceptives. While these methods have undeniably contributed to improved reproductive health, recent studies have raised concerns regarding their potential effect on metabolic health. Despite widespread anecdotal reports, epidemiological research has been mixed as to whether hormonal contraceptives contribute to metabolic health effects. As such, the goals of this study were to assess the adipogenic activity of common hormonal contraceptive chemicals and their mixtures. Five different models of adipogenesis were used to provide a rigorous assessment of metabolism-disrupting effects. Interestingly, every individual contraceptive (both estrogens and progestins) and each mixture promoted significant adipogenesis (eg, triglyceride accumulation and\/or preadipocyte proliferation). These effects appeared to be mediated in part through estrogen receptor signaling, particularly for the contraceptive mixtures, as cotreatment with fulvestrant acted to inhibit contraceptive-mediated proadipogenic effects on triglyceride accumulation. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between hormonal contraceptives and adipocyte development. The results suggest that both progestins and estrogens within these contraceptives can influence adipogenesis, and the specific effects may vary based on the receptor disruption profiles. Further research is warranted to establish translation of these findings to in vivo models and to further assess causal mechanisms underlying these effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T19:19:20Z","timestamp":1713813560000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Assessment of Proadipogenic Effects for Common-Use Contraceptives and Their Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ting Tiffany","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI 48202 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-2428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D","family":"Kassotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI 48202 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B1","volume-title":"Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15-49: United States, 2017-2019","author":"Daniels","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22787","article-title":"Impact of combined hormonal contraceptive use on weight loss: a secondary analysis of a behavioral weight-loss trial","volume":"28","author":"Caldwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.04.006","article-title":"Progestogen-only contraceptive use in obese women","volume":"80","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.12.052","article-title":"Changes in weight, total fat, percent body fat, and central-to-peripheral fat ratio associated with injectable and oral contraceptive use","volume":"200","author":"Berenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/2136195","article-title":"Early experience with the contraceptive use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in an inner-city clinic population","volume":"28","author":"Polaneczky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-4-17","article-title":"The influence of lifestyle, menstrual function and oral contraceptive use on bone mass and size in female military cadets","volume":"4","author":"Ruffing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024052704531397100_bqae050-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(98)00127-9","article-title":"Weight change with oral contraceptive use and during the menstrual cycle. 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