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Historically biomedical research has focused on male subjects; however, recent increases in reporting of females, have highlighted major differences between the sexes. Here we review the current literature of the effect of gonadal steroid hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progestins), neurosteriods, and neurobiological factors on alcohol use in clinical and preclinical studies of both sexes. Further, we briefly discuss how fundamental sex differences in genetics, metabolism, neuroimmune, and stress responses may influence sex differences in alcohol intake. Comparing the sexes could aid in the discovery of novel therapeutics to treat AUD, and implementation of current treatment options in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T08:43:59Z","timestamp":1721119439000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Sex Differences in Alcohol Use: Is It All About Hormones?"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Xavier J","family":"Maddern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren T","family":"Ursich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta G","family":"Anversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh C","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , Australia"},{"name":"Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3052 , 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