{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1785769297612,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD103725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD103725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD105103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD105103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Noradrenergic neurons are a brain network that integrate viscero-sensorial signals to modulate neural and neuroendocrine function. Although it has been known for decades that noradrenergic neural circuits influence neuroendocrine and reproductive function, the cellular and molecular players involved remain largely unknown. The objective of this review is to summarize past and current knowledge regarding the influence of brainstem noradrenergic systems on GnRH and gonadotrophin secretion. The main noradrenergic cell groups A1, A2, and A6, known as the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract, and locus coeruleus, respectively, are involved in the control of reproductive neuroendocrine secretion. Current evidence suggests that brainstem noradrenergic circuits promote the generation and maintenance of the LH surge in both spontaneous (rats, sheep) and induced (rabbit, ferret) ovulators. In contrast, recent studies have established that LH pulsatile secretion is suppressed by specific activation of brainstem noradrenergic cell groups. The duality of the GnRH\/LH response to noradrenaline reflects the inherent complexity of hindbrain noradrenaline neurons, which are responsive to stressors and gonadal steroids (ie, estradiol) and coexpress a variety of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Therefore, elucidating the organization and functionality of brainstem noradrenergic systems will provide targets for controlling reproduction and understanding the interconnection with stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaf021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T16:05:46Z","timestamp":1738425946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brainstem Noradrenergic Neuronal Populations: Dual Effects on Regulating GnRH and LH Secretion"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo A","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093-0674 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7522-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kellie M","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093-0674 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4368","key":"2025021913462635500_bqaf021-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1126\/science.100883","article-title":"Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"202","author":"Belchetz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025021913462635500_bqaf021-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-111-5-1737","article-title":"The temporal relationship between gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized ewes","volume":"111","author":"Clarke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5924","key":"2025021913462635500_bqaf021-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/304345a0","article-title":"Absence of oestradiol concentration in cell nuclei of LHRH-immunoreactive neurones","volume":"304","author":"Shivers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021913462635500_bqaf021-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90423-Y","article-title":"Localization of oestrogen receptors in preoptic neurons containing neurotensin but not tyrosine hydroxylase, cholecystokinin or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the male and female rat","volume":"50","author":"Herbison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025021913462635500_bqaf021-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.2.8102098","article-title":"Do gonadotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and beta-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons contain estrogen receptors? 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