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In the normal mammary gland, hormone receptor-positive (HR+) cells rarely proliferate. In breast cancer, proliferating epithelial cells are often HR+. It is not known if PP can modify this population of proliferating HR+ cells. Previously, we established a manganese-induced precocious puberty (MnPP) model to study the effects of PP on mammary gland development in female rats. Here, we characterized the distribution of HR+ proliferating mammary epithelial cells in prepubertal and adult rodents, in association with precocious puberty. Female rats were exposed daily to 10\u2005mg\/kg manganese chloride or saline (control) from postnatal day (PND) 12 to PND 30. Mammary glands were collected on PNDs 30 and 120, processed for western blot analysis and double immunofluorescence staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and progesterone receptor or estrogen receptor. MnPP increased the percentage of HR+ mammary epithelial cells coexpressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen relative to normally developed controls at PND 30. This correlated with increased expression of estrogen receptor-regulated proteins in MnPP mammary glands relative to controls at PND 30, including FOXA1, AREG, and c-Myc. Conversely, at PND 120 relative to PND 30, proliferating HR+ cells remained chronically elevated in MnPP mammary glands at PND 120, which coincided with decreased expression of cell-cycle regulator, p27, and increased expression of progesterone receptor-regulated markers, EREG and sp1. Collectively, these results suggest early puberty alters steroidal regulation of classic proliferative mechanisms in the prepubertal gland with increased prevalence of high-risk proliferating HR+ cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaf052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T14:26:39Z","timestamp":1742394399000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Manganese-induced Precocious Puberty Alters Mammary Epithelial Cell Proliferation in Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Alina M","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg, TX 78539 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27606 , (Current)","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod K","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4458 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill K","family":"Hiney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4458 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L","family":"Dees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4458 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8758-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert K","family":"Dearth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg, TX 78539 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2025042021414476100_bqaf052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3841","article-title":"Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk","volume":"49","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat 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