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These characteristics in normal-weight women with PCOS are accompanied by subcutaneous abdominal adipose stem cells that intrinsically exaggerate lipid accumulation during adipocyte development in vitro in combination with an increased amount of highly lipolytic visceral fat. PCOS-related adipose characteristics are intimately linked with hyperandrogenism through genetic inheritance and epigenetic events programmed during prenatal and postnatal life. Accordingly, evolutionary theory submits that such events in PCOS may have ancestral origins, providing survival advantages in 3 contexts: (1) food scarcity with risk of starvation; (2) infectious disease risks, alleviated by visceral and omental fat; and (3) benefits from increased muscularity. But such adaptations also involve costs, given that PCOS-related traits also tend to reduce reproduction, due to oligo-anovulation. This review examines the evolutionary origins of PCOS risk as a syndrome potentiated by environmental mismatches (especially contemporary obesity and low physical activity), combined with adaptive physiological systems governed by trade-offs between survival and reproduction. This hypothesis is supported by a plethora of recent studies on physiological and behavioral differences between subsistence-level and modern Westernized populations, and by analyses of survival-reproduction trade-offs in nonhuman mammals. Studies of PCOS models using prenatally testosterone-treated and naturally hyperandrogenic animal models provide crucial insights for understanding how today\u2019s illnesses likely emerged from ancient developmental-metabolic strategies, and how knowledge about the evolutionary past can help guide current research and the development of more effective therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaf160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:05:13Z","timestamp":1761915913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Endocrinological Basis for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A","family":"Dumesic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard J","family":"Crespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasantha","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8249-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of WI, Madison , Madison, WI 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