{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:36:10Z","timestamp":1790109370034,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Discovery Grants"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010523","name":"Center for Addiction and Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Council"},{"name":"Innovation John R. Evans Leaders Fund"},{"name":"Ontario Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) with levonorgestrel (LNG) are common in hormonal contraceptives. EE+LNG suppresses weight gain in rodents, but the mechanisms for this remain unclear. Further, metabolic demands in adolescence are increased relative to adulthood. We tested the metabolic effect of a low dose of EE + LNG in adolescents and adult female Long-Evans rats. Rats were given EE (10\u2005\u00b5g\/kg) + LNG (20\u2005\u00b5g\/kg) or vehicle subcutaneous injections daily for 16 days. Body mass, food intake, whole-body oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and energy expenditure were measured in Promethion phenotyping cages. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), glucose tolerance, serum metabolic hormone levels, depot-specific adipose and reproductive tissues were collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>EE+LNG limited body-mass gain in both age groups by combining hypophagia with a marked elevation in total energy expenditure and no change in locomotion, implicating potential thermogenic pathways. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans showed curtailed fat accrual and the preservation of lean mass in EE + LNG-treated rats. White-adipose depots were smaller in all hormone-treated rats, whereas brown adipose tissue mass was reduced only in adults. EE+LNG-treated adults had lower leptin and C-peptide levels with enhanced glucose clearance, whereas adolescents had reductions in GLP-1, glucagon, and PYY levels without altered glucose clearance. Thus low-dose EE + LNG reduced caloric intake, increased energy expenditure, and limited white-adipose deposition irrespective of age. Age-specific effects on metabolic hormones and adipose depot UCP1 content were noted. Together, these results delineate an age-sensitive metabolic and endocrine profile of EE + LNG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqag064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T11:45:12Z","timestamp":1780141512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel coadministration induces hypophagia and increases energy expenditure in female rats"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Jesse M","family":"Lacasse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , M5T 1R8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen R","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , M5T 1R8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bellaflor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E K","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2874-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liisa A M","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , M5T 1R8","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , M5T 1R8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl M","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026062202465645600_bqag064-B1","article-title":"Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight","volume":"2016","author":"Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026062202465645600_bqag064-B2","article-title":"Combination contraceptives: effects on weight","volume":"2014","author":"Gallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026062202465645600_bqag064-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.4241","article-title":"Weight and body composition changes during oral contraceptive use in obese and normal weight women","volume":"23","author":"Mayeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026062202465645600_bqag064-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(98)00127-9","article-title":"Weight change with oral contraceptive use and during the menstrual cycle. 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