{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:40:53Z","timestamp":1793083253640,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":873,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1197958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1197958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Osteoporosis is a global public health problem, with fractures contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Although postmenopausal osteoporosis is most common, up to 30% of postmenopausal women, &amp;gt; 50% of premenopausal women, and between 50% and 80% of men have secondary osteoporosis. Exclusion of secondary causes is important, as treatment of such patients often commences by treating the underlying condition. These are varied but often neglected, ranging from endocrine to chronic inflammatory and genetic conditions. General screening is recommended for all patients with osteoporosis, with advanced investigations reserved for premenopausal women and men aged &amp;lt; 50 years, for older patients in whom classical risk factors for osteoporosis are absent, and for all patients with the lowest bone mass (Z-score \u2264 \u22122). The response of secondary osteoporosis to conventional anti-osteoporosis therapy may be inadequate if the underlying condition is unrecognized and untreated. Bone densitometry, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, may underestimate fracture risk in some chronic diseases, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, and may overestimate fracture risk in others (eg, Turner syndrome). FRAX and trabecular bone score may provide additional information regarding fracture risk in secondary osteoporosis, but their use is limited to adults aged \u2265 40 years and \u2265 50 years, respectively. In addition, FRAX requires adjustment in some chronic conditions, such as glucocorticoid use, type 2 diabetes, and HIV. In most conditions, evidence for antiresorptive or anabolic therapy is limited to increases in bone mass. Current osteoporosis management guidelines also neglect secondary osteoporosis and these existing evidence gaps are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T15:25:57Z","timestamp":1630941957000},"page":"240-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":323,"title":["Secondary Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter R","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanh H","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Western Health, Victoria 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Aleksova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, 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