{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:29:57Z","timestamp":1792211397774,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Elite individual sports in which success depends on power, speed, or endurance are conventionally divided into male and female events using traditional binary definitions of sex. Male puberty creates durable physical advantages due to the 20- to 30-fold increase in circulating testosterone producing a sustained uplift in men's muscle, bone, hemoglobin, and cardiorespiratory function resulting from male puberty and sustained during men's lives. These male physical advantages provide strong justification for a separate protected category of female events allowing women to achieve the fame and fortune from success they would be denied if competing against men. Recent wider social acceptance of transgender individuals, together with the less recognized involvement of intersex individuals, challenge and threaten to defeat the sex classifications for elite individual female events. This can create unfair advantages if seeking inclusion into elite female events of unmodified male-bodied athletes with female gender identity who have gained the physical advantages of male puberty. Based on reproductive physiology, this paper proposes a working definition of sport sex based primarily on an individual's experience of male puberty and can be applied to transgender and various XY intersex conditions. Consistent with the multidimensionality of biological sex (chromosomal, genetic, hormonal, anatomical sex), this definition may be viewed as a multistrand cable whose overall strength survives when any single strand weakens or fails, rather than as a unidimensional chain whose strength is only as good as its weakest link.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T17:34:27Z","timestamp":1712338467000},"page":"709-736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Toward a Robust Definition of Sport Sex"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J","family":"Handelsman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Department, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Syndey , NSW 2139 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00020","article-title":"Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance","volume":"39","author":"Handelsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Sex in sport","volume":"80","author":"Coleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Duke Law: Law Contemp Prob"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1324717","article-title":"Advice on the management of ambiguous genitalia to a young endocrinologist from experienced clinicians","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30339-5","article-title":"A clinical algorithm to diagnose differences of sex development","volume":"7","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.048983","article-title":"Sry: the master switch in mammalian sex determination","volume":"137","author":"Kashimada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199235292.003.7018","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes","author":"Warne","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B7","first-page":"271","article-title":"Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Quigley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20754","article-title":"Ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in the fetal and postnatal testis: its relevance on Sertoli cell maturation and the onset of adult spermatogenesis","volume":"72","author":"Rey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e222","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz142","article-title":"The External Genitalia Score (EGS): a European multicenter validation study","volume":"105","author":"van der Straaten","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00410","article-title":"Up-To-Date review about minipuberty and overview on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation in fetal and neonatal life","volume":"9","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00482","article-title":"Sex differences in reproductive hormones during Mini-puberty in infants with normal and disordered sex development","volume":"103","author":"Johannsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000508329","article-title":"Minipuberty: why does it happen?","volume":"93","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0627-9","article-title":"The mystery of puberty initiation: genetics and epigenetics of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP)","volume":"40","author":"Leka-Emiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0019","article-title":"The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration","volume":"24","author":"Parent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318271ae4d","article-title":"Peak oxygen uptake and physical activity in 13- to 18-year-olds: the young-HUNT study","volume":"45","author":"Nes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01294-9","article-title":"The impact of sex on left ventricular cardiac adaptations to endurance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Diaz-Canestro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000188","article-title":"Sex differences in the pulmonary system influence the integrative response to exercise","volume":"47","author":"Dominelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01180-z","article-title":"Sex dimorphism of VO(2max) trainability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Diaz-Canestro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2174\/18756557OTc0bOTciTcVY","article-title":"Gender differences in hemodynamic regulation and cardiovascular adaptations to dynamic exercise","volume":"16","author":"Bassareo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100065","article-title":"Exercise physiology of normal development, sex differences, and aging","volume":"1","author":"Harms","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B21","first-page":"195","article-title":"Epidemiology and initial management of ambiguous genitalia at birth in Germany","volume":"66","author":"Thyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1975.tb01498.x","article-title":"A cytogenetic survey of 14,069 newborn infants. I. Incidence of chromosome abnormalities","volume":"8","author":"Hamerton","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490209552139","article-title":"How common is intersex? A response to Anne Fausto-Sterling","volume":"39","author":"Sax","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1159\/000442975","article-title":"Global disorders of sex development update since 2006: perceptions, approach and care","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00354.x","article-title":"The role of a clinical score in the assessment of ambiguous genitalia","volume":"85","author":"Ahmed","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"22","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905313002201","article-title":"Androgens and the evolution of male gender identity among male pseudohemaphrodites with 5-a reductase deficiency","volume":"300","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.05.020","article-title":"Steroid 5\u03b1-reductase 2 deficiency","volume":"163","author":"Mendonca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-005-4339-4","article-title":"Gender change in 46, XY persons with 5\u03b1-reductase-2 deficiency and 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency","volume":"34","author":"Cohen-Kettenis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B29","volume-title":"As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl","author":"Colapinto","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.e9","article-title":"Experiment of nurture: ablatio penis at 2 months, sex reassignment at 7 months, and a psychosexual follow-up in young adulthood","volume":"102","author":"Bradley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490309552186","article-title":"The contributions of John Money: a personal view","volume":"40","author":"Bullough","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e710","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1088","article-title":"Changes over time in sex assignment for disorders of sex development","volume":"134","author":"Kolesinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220227","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-22-0227","article-title":"Changes in the clinical management of 5\u03b1-reductase type 2 and 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiencies in France","volume":"12","author":"Bonnet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.11.017","article-title":"Gender identity disorder (GID) in adolescents and adults with differences of sex development (DSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Babu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2689","article-title":"Detection of testosterone doping in female athletes","volume":"11","author":"Handelsman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B36","author":"Wilson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B37","author":"Harper"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B38","volume-title":"Sporting Gender: The History, Science, and Stories of Transgender and Intersex Athletes","author":"Harper","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B39","author":"Tannenbaum"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B40","author":"Pavitt"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01389-3","article-title":"Transgender women in the female category of sport: perspectives on testosterone suppression and performance advantage","volume":"51","author":"Hilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103106","article-title":"How does hormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin? Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participation","volume":"55","author":"Harper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102329","article-title":"Effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance in transwomen and transmen: implications for sporting organisations and legislators","author":"Roberts","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0225724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225724","article-title":"Sex differences in youth elite swimming","volume":"14","author":"Senefeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.06.005","article-title":"High-sensitivity quantification of serum androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone and estradiol by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with sex- and puberty-specific reference intervals","volume":"183","author":"Ankarberg-Lindgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz094","article-title":"Testicular ultrasound to stratify hormone references in a cross-sectional Norwegian study of male puberty","volume":"105","author":"Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469000000962","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of upper and lower limb strength in boys and girls during childhood and adolescence","volume":"17","author":"Parker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/030144699282976","article-title":"Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: a longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Round","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01113-5","article-title":"Normative data for handgrip strength in Iranian healthy children and adolescents aged 7\u201318 years: comparison with international norms","volume":"47","author":"Rostamzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04717-1","article-title":"Comparisons of muscle strength, size, and voluntary activation in pre- and post-pubescent males and females","volume":"121","author":"Gillen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200007000-00008","article-title":"Gender verification of female athletes","volume":"2","author":"Elsas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1391","article-title":"Serum androgen levels in elite female athletes","volume":"99","author":"Bermon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05229-2","article-title":"Is muscle mechanical function altered in polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"300","author":"Caliskan Guzelce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1-02","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B54","first-page":"32","article-title":"Female hyperandrogenism in elite sports and the athletic triad","volume":"40","author":"Hirschberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318195a21a","article-title":"Hyperandrogenism may explain reproductive dysfunction in olympic athletes","volume":"41","author":"Hagmar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00614","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and reproduction","volume":"132","author":"Boden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.05.015","article-title":"Pulsatile GnRH secretion: roles of G protein-coupled receptors, second messengers and ion channels","volume":"314","author":"Krsmanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw022","article-title":"Novel concepts on pregnancy clocks and alarms: redundancy and synergy in human parturition","volume":"22","author":"Menon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2019.01.001","article-title":"Redundancy principle and the role of extreme statistics in molecular and cellular biology","volume":"28","author":"Schuss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev"},{"issue":"6638","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/40618","article-title":"Evolution of genetic redundancy","volume":"388","author":"Nowak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B61","first-page":"130","article-title":"Molecular genetics and pathophysiology of 17 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency","volume":"81","author":"Andersson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.05.002","article-title":"46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD) due to 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency","volume":"165","author":"Mendonca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199603000-00003","article-title":"Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5\u03b1-reductase 2 deficiency. Diagnosis, psychological evaluation, and management","volume":"75","author":"Mendonca","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2019-00049","article-title":"Management of 46,XY differences\/disorders of sex development (DSD) throughout life","volume":"40","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0962","article-title":"Reproductive hormone reference intervals for healthy fertile young men: evaluation of automated platform assays","volume":"90","author":"Sikaris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.143222","article-title":"Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone with pediatric and adult reference intervals","volume":"56","author":"Kushnir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.11.004","article-title":"Validation of a total testosterone assay using high-turbulence liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: total and free testosterone reference ranges","volume":"75","author":"Salameh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2012.012047","article-title":"Adult testosterone and calculated free testosterone reference ranges by tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"50","author":"Neale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109346","article-title":"A validated age-related normative model for male total testosterone shows increasing variance but no decline after age 40 years","volume":"9","author":"Kelsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B70","first-page":"2713","article-title":"Testicular function in a birth cohort of young men","volume":"30","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0962","article-title":"Reproductive hormone reference intervals for healthy fertile young men: evaluation of automated platform assays","volume":"90","author":"Sikaris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0023","article-title":"The association of the lipidomic profile with features of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Moran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13919","article-title":"Improved menstrual function in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome after behavioural modification intervention-A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Oberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2010.10.010","article-title":"Reexamination of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol and estrone levels across the menstrual cycle and in postmenopausal women measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"76","author":"Rothman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510701496496","article-title":"Determination of testosterone in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"68","author":"Turpeinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2134","article-title":"Age-specific reference ranges for serum testosterone and androstenedione concentrations in women measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"97","author":"Haring","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.10.010","article-title":"Dynamics of serum testosterone during the menstrual cycle evaluated by daily measurements with an ID-LC-MS\/MS method and a 2nd generation automated immunoassay","volume":"78","author":"Bui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"17","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097792","article-title":"Serum androgen levels and their relation to performance in track and field: mass spectrometry results from 2127 observations in male and female elite athletes","volume":"51","author":"Bermon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097582","article-title":"Serum androgen profile and physical performance in women Olympic athletes","volume":"51","author":"Eklund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2032","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives and sexual function in women-a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Zethraeus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90262-7","article-title":"Familial male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5-\u03b1-reductase deficiency in a Turkish village","volume":"81","author":"Akgun","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03769.x","article-title":"A cluster of male pseudohermaphrodites with 5 \u03b1-reductase deficiency in Papua New Guinea","volume":"34","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B83","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Molecular study of the 5 \u03b1-reductase type 2 gene in three European families with 5 \u03b1-reductase deficiency","volume":"80","author":"Boudon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B84","first-page":"1730","article-title":"5 \u03b1-reductase-2 gene mutations in the Dominican Republic","volume":"81","author":"Cai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960503)63:1<223::AID-AJMG39>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Phenotypic classification of male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5 \u03b1-reductase 2 deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Sinnecker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.107.002592","article-title":"Molecular characterization of 6 unrelated Italian patients with 5\u03b1-reductase type 2 deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Baldinotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1024","article-title":"Phenotypical, biological, and molecular heterogeneity of 5\u03b1-reductase deficiency: an extensive international experience of 55 patients","volume":"96","author":"Maimoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.08.007","article-title":"Primary amenorrhea in four adolescents revealed 5\u03b1-reductase deficiency confirmed by molecular analysis","volume":"95","author":"Maimoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964876","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/964876","article-title":"Clinical and laboratorial features that may differentiate 46,XY DSD due to partial androgen insensitivity and 5\u03b1-reductase type 2 deficiency","volume":"2012","author":"Veiga-Junior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000335006","article-title":"17-\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency in three adult Iranian siblings","volume":"5","author":"Omrani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9471","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12129471","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of 5\u03b1-reductase type II deficiency in Brazilian siblings with 46,XY disorder of sex development","volume":"12","author":"Leme de Calais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0115","article-title":"Clinical and genetic analysis of three Chinese patients with steroid 5\u03b1-reductase type 2 deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1055","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3893","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of 5\u03b1-reductase deficiency in 4 elite young female athletes through hormonal screening for hyperandrogenism","volume":"98","author":"Fenichel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12456","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular characteristics in eleven Chinese patients with 5\u03b1-reductase type 2 deficiency","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12108","article-title":"Phenotype, genotype and gender identity in a large cohort of patients from India with 5\u03b1-reductase 2 deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Shabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-36-5-867","article-title":"Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"36","author":"Goebelsmann","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01102.x","article-title":"Familial male pseudohermaphroditism with gynaecomastia due to 17 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. A report of 3 cases","volume":"23","author":"Balducci","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B98","first-page":"1827","article-title":"A (R80Q) mutation in 17 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 gene among Arabs of Israel is associated with pseudohermaphroditism in males and normal asymptomatic females","volume":"81","author":"Rosler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0009","article-title":"17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency as a result of a homozygous 7 base pair deletion in 17\u03b2HSD3 gene","volume":"25","author":"Alikasifoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000351822","article-title":"A novel nonsense mutation in exon 1 of HSD17B3 gene in an Egyptian 46,XY adult female presenting with primary amenorrhea","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.08.012","article-title":"17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency: three case reports and a systematic review","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200401000-00005","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population","volume":"14","author":"Sundgot-Borgen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318281a939","article-title":"Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls","volume":"45","author":"Martinsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B104","first-page":"658","article-title":"Phenotypic features, androgen receptor binding, and mutational analysis in 278 clinical cases reported as androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Ahmed","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B105","volume-title":"Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality","author":"Fausto-Sterling","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B106","first-page":"17-0045","article-title":"Painful ovulation in a 46,XX SRY -ve adult male with SOX9 duplication","volume":"2017","author":"Shankara Narayana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000314536","article-title":"Tumor risk in disorders of sex development","volume":"4","author":"Pleskacova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sexual Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13255","article-title":"Gonadal tumour risk in 292 phenotypic female patients with disorders of sex development containing Y chromosome or Y-derived sequence","volume":"86","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B109","first-page":"629","article-title":"Consensus guide on prophylactic gonadectomy in different sex development","volume":"69","author":"Guerrero-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B110","first-page":"127","article-title":"Endocrinology and Women's sports: the diagnosis matters","volume":"80","author":"Auchus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Law Contemp Prob"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(03)00410-0","article-title":"Androgen-secreting adrenal tumors","volume":"134","author":"Cordera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.046","article-title":"Profile and outcome of pure androgen-secreting adrenal tumors in women: experience of 21 cases","volume":"136","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0111","article-title":"Discriminating between virilizing ovary tumors and ovary hyperthecosis in postmenopausal women: clinical data, hormonal profiles and image studies","volume":"177","author":"Yance","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab167","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab167","article-title":"Depot pure GnRH antagonist for long-term treatment of ovarian hyperthecosis monitored by multisteroid LCMS profiling","volume":"5","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13148","article-title":"Androgens correlate with increased erythropoiesis in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"86","author":"Karunasena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab275","article-title":"Ovarian hyperandrogenism and response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in primary severe insulin resistance","volume":"106","author":"Huang-Doran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.02.021","article-title":"Gender dysphoria and gender change in disorders of sex development\/intersex conditions: results from the dsd-LIFE study","volume":"15","author":"Kreukels","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14734","article-title":"Clinical features and prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome in transgender individuals: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.10.012","article-title":"Kallmann syndrome: phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"86","author":"Stamou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31805","article-title":"The epidemiology of sex chromosome abnormalities","volume":"184","author":"Berglund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101633","article-title":"Genetics of 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"36","author":"Elzaiat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B122","author":"Olalla Cernuda"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B123","author":"WADA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2569","article-title":"Clinical review: the rationale for banning human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen blockers in sport","volume":"91","author":"Handelsman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B125","author":"International Olympic Committee"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B126","author":"International Olympic Committee"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B127","author":"International Olympic Committee"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B128","author":"Court of Arbitration for Sport"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac320","article-title":"Fit transitioning: when can transgender airmen fitness test in their affirmed gender?","author":"Chiccarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1373\/49.8.1381","article-title":"Testosterone measured by 10 immunoassays and by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sera from 116 men, women, and children","volume":"49","author":"Taieb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031287","article-title":"Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1864","article-title":"Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement","volume":"92","author":"Rosner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1104","article-title":"The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited","volume":"37","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13350","article-title":"Sex differences in athletic performance emerge coinciding with the onset of male puberty","volume":"87","author":"Handelsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B135","first-page":"456","article-title":"Muscle memory: are myonuclei ever lost?","volume":"128","author":"Eftest\u00f8l","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol(Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00917.2018","article-title":"Effects of training, detraining, and retraining on strength, hypertrophy, and myonuclear number in human skeletal muscle","volume":"126","author":"Psilander","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"18","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276354","article-title":"Muscle memory: virtues of your youth?","volume":"596","author":"Gundersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.124495","article-title":"Muscle memory and a new cellular model for muscle atrophy and hypertrophy","volume":"219","author":"Gundersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.134411","article-title":"Satellite cell depletion prevents fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscle","volume":"143","author":"Egner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.264457","article-title":"A cellular memory mechanism aids overload hypertrophy in muscle long after an episodic exposure to anabolic steroids","volume":"591","author":"Egner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00436.2012","article-title":"No change in myonuclear number during muscle unloading and reloading","volume":"113","author":"Bruusgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"34","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913935107","article-title":"Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining","volume":"107","author":"Bruusgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0357","article-title":"Effects of testosterone supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy and satellite cells in community-dwelling older men","volume":"91","author":"Sinha-Hikim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E154","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00502.2001","article-title":"Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy","volume":"283","author":"Sinha-Hikim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad432","article-title":"Higher myonuclei density in muscle fibers persists among former users of anabolic androgenic steroids","volume":"109","author":"Nielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00506.2019","article-title":"\u201cMuscle memory\u201d not mediated by myonuclear number? Secondary analysis of human detraining data","volume":"127","author":"Murach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.5.2004","article-title":"Adaptation of mitochondrial ATP production in human skeletal muscle to endurance training and detraining","volume":"73","author":"Wibom","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20287-3","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle possesses an epigenetic memory of hypertrophy","volume":"8","author":"Seaborne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13465","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13465","article-title":"The concept of skeletal muscle memory: evidence from animal and human studies","volume":"229","author":"Snijders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12382","article-title":"The lingering effects of testosterone abuse\u2014it seems muscles have long memories","volume":"24","author":"Harridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02695","article-title":"Phosphoglucose isomerase genotype affects running speed and heat shock protein expression after exposure to extreme temperatures in a montane willow beetle","volume":"210","author":"Rank","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B152","first-page":"1888","article-title":"Field use of maximal sprint speed by collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris): compensation and sexual selection","volume":"60","author":"Husak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb195511","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.195511","article-title":"Compliant legs enable lizards to maintain high running speeds on complex terrains","volume":"222","author":"Druelle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.10.064","article-title":"Geckos race across the water's surface using multiple mechanisms","volume":"28","author":"Nirody","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2021.104509","article-title":"Daily running trials increase sprint speed in endangered lizards (Gallotia simonyi)","volume":"193","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2338","article-title":"Sprint speed is unaffected by dietary manipulation in trained male Anolis carolinensis lizards","volume":"333","author":"Lailvaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7536.1000110","article-title":"Effects of supraphysiological doses of sex steroids on wheel running activity in mice","volume":"3","author":"Bowen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Steroids Horm Sci"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.07.009","article-title":"Using wheel availability to shape running behavior of the rat towards improved behavioral and neurobiological outcomes","volume":"290","author":"Basso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29050-0","article-title":"The exercise sex gap and the impact of the estrous cycle on exercise performance in mice","volume":"8","author":"Aguiar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15174","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15174","article-title":"Sex differences in endurance exercise capacity and skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"10","author":"Holcomb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00991.2004","article-title":"Inter- and intrastrain variation in mouse critical running speed","volume":"98","author":"Billat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/13.4.374","article-title":"Swimming speed of the albino rat: I. Age and sex differences","volume":"13","author":"Birren","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061600","article-title":"Sex difference in the running ability of thoroughbred horses","volume":"19","author":"Stone","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"issue":"6197","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1126\/science.345.6197.632-a","article-title":"Breeding for speed","volume":"345","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478061507851036","article-title":"Do racehorses and greyhound dogs exhibit a gender difference in running speed?","volume":"4","author":"Entin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Comp Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13370","article-title":"Variation in GPS and accelerometer recorded velocity and stride parameters of galloping thoroughbred horses","volume":"53","author":"Morrice-West","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"1-6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00446.x","article-title":"Genetics of racing performance in the Japanese Thoroughbred horse: II. Environmental variation of racing time on turf and dirt tracks and the influence of sex, age, and weight carried on racing time","volume":"111","author":"Oki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anim Breed Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21562","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100161R","article-title":"Sex-based limits to running speed in the human, horse and dog: the role of sexual dimorphisms","volume":"35","author":"Senefeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.024968","article-title":"Limits to running speed in dogs, horses and humans","volume":"211","author":"Denny","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2020.105433","article-title":"Pre- and post-race serum cardiac troponin T concentrations in Standardbred racehorses","volume":"256","author":"Hellings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.67","article-title":"Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome","volume":"18","author":"Ostrander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"30","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800455115","article-title":"Genetic selection of athletic success in sport-hunting dogs","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030079","article-title":"A mutation in the myostatin gene increases muscle mass and enhances racing performance in heterozygote dogs","volume":"3","author":"Mosher","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.2.347","article-title":"Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod","volume":"203","author":"Reidy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12210","article-title":"Are zebrafish Danio rerio males better swimmers than females?","volume":"83","author":"Leris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12784","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic morphology and swimming performance relationships in wild-type zebrafish Danio rerio","volume":"87","author":"Conradsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"coab016","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coab016","article-title":"Sex-specific differences in swimming, aerobic metabolism and recovery from exercise in adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) across ecologically relevant temperatures","volume":"9","author":"Kraskura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81456-5","article-title":"Acoustotactic response of mosquitoes in untethered flight to incidental sound","volume":"11","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096742","article-title":"Determination and regulation of body composition in elite athletes","volume":"52","author":"Sonksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.3.1154","article-title":"Effects of gender on exercise-induced growth hormone release","volume":"87","author":"Wideman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B181","first-page":"2385","article-title":"Gender and sexual maturation-dependent contrasts in the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in prepubertal and late adolescent males and females","volume":"85","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2000","journal-title":"\u2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1340287","article-title":"Gender differences in secretory activity of the human somatotropic (growth hormone) axis","volume":"134","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-1-51","article-title":"Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations","volume":"64","author":"Ho","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1669","article-title":"Gender, age, body mass index, and IGF-I individually and jointly determine distinct GH dynamics: analyses in one hundred healthy adults","volume":"96","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6291","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0644","article-title":"Contributions of gender and systemic estradiol and testosterone concentrations to maximal secretagogue drive of burst-like growth hormone secretion in healthy middle-aged and older adults","volume":"89","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000438904","article-title":"Growth hormone dynamics in healthy adults are related to age and sex and strongly dependent on body mass index","volume":"103","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01018.2001","article-title":"Gender governs the relationship between exercise intensity and growth hormone release in young adults","volume":"92","author":"Pritzlaff-Roy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00265","article-title":"The use and abuse of growth hormone in sports","volume":"40","author":"Holt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0631","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia","volume":"157","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13330","article-title":"Is GH dosing optimal in female patients with adult-onset GH deficiency? An analysis from the NordiNet((R)) International Outcome Study","volume":"86","author":"Hoybye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00007","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone on body composition and physical performance in recreational athletes: a randomized trial","volume":"152","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.05.005","article-title":"Impact of GH administration on athletic performance in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials","volume":"34","author":"Hermansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1996.690604.x","article-title":"The influence of growth hormone substitution therapy on erythroid and myeloid progenitor cells and on peripheral blood cells in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Kotzmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B194","first-page":"2985","article-title":"The importance of growth hormone in the regulation of erythropoiesis, red cell mass, and plasma volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Christ","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.09.002","article-title":"Pubertal upregulation of erythropoiesis in boys is determined primarily by androgen","volume":"146","author":"Hero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V9.10.999.999","article-title":"Variation of the hemoglobin level with age and sex","volume":"9","author":"Hawkins","year":"1954","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1967.tb11512.x","article-title":"Studies on hemoglobin values in Norway. VII. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCHC values among boys and girls aged 7\u201320 years in elementary and grammar schools","volume":"182","author":"Natvig","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B198","author":"Handelsman"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B199","first-page":"1706","article-title":"Growth hormone secretion in recently operated acromegalic patients","volume":"79","author":"van den Berg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0120","article-title":"Muscle strength in patients with acromegaly at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up","volume":"177","author":"Fuchtbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.11.1.18","article-title":"Acromegaly as an endocrine form of myopathy: case report and review of literature","volume":"11","author":"McNab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.7.638","article-title":"Neuromuscular complications of acromegaly","volume":"25","author":"Pickett","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.9.1009","article-title":"The neuromuscular features of acromegaly: a clinical and pathological study","volume":"47","author":"Khaleeli","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01037-z","article-title":"The evaluation of the tendon and muscle changes of lower extremity in patients with acromegaly","volume":"23","author":"Ozturk Gokce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2016.07.005","article-title":"Explanatory models of muscle performance in acromegaly patients evaluated by knee isokinetic dynamometry: implications for rehabilitation","volume":"49","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2016-0100","article-title":"Balance control and peripheral muscle function in aging: a comparison between individuals with acromegaly and healthy subjects","volume":"25","author":"Homem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0249-8","article-title":"Natural selection for genetic variants in sport: the role of Y chromosome genes in elite female athletes with 46, XY DSD","volume":"44","author":"Ferguson-Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.229","article-title":"Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity","volume":"83","author":"Gallagher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"7978","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06457-y","article-title":"The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome","volume":"621","author":"Rhie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67841-5","article-title":"Personal account: a woman tried and tested","volume":"366","author":"Martinez-Patino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0332-0","article-title":"Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and equity","volume":"43","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B212","author":"World Athletics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6428","article-title":"The contribution of testosterone to skeletal development and maintenance: lessons from the androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Marcus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0243-6","article-title":"Height and bone mineral density in androgen insensitivity syndrome with mutations in the androgen receptor gene","volume":"18","author":"Danilovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.34.4.323","article-title":"The Y specific growth gene(s): how does it promote stature?","volume":"34","author":"Ogata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.08.004","article-title":"Fundamental limits on longitudinal bone growth: growth plate senescence and epiphyseal fusion","volume":"15","author":"Nilsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2175","article-title":"Evidence that estrogen hastens epiphyseal fusion and cessation of longitudinal bone growth by irreversibly depleting the number of resting zone progenitor cells in female rabbits","volume":"155","author":"Nilsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"219","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.41.219.454","article-title":"Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. I","volume":"41","author":"Tanner","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"220","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.41.220.613","article-title":"Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. II","volume":"41","author":"Tanner","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2015","article-title":"Estrogens and androgens in skeletal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"97","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2011.06.005","article-title":"The role of the SHOX gene in the pathophysiology of Turner syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"issue":"4773","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/190372a0","article-title":"Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.)","volume":"190","author":"Lyon","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.337196.120","article-title":"Progress toward understanding chromosome silencing by Xist RNA","volume":"34","author":"Brockdorff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33334","article-title":"Increased number of sex chromosomes affects height in a nonlinear fashion: a study of 305 patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy","volume":"152A","author":"Ottesen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B225","first-page":"436","article-title":"The effect of pubertal delay on adult height in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"74","author":"Uriarte","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B226","author":"Court of Arbitration for Sport"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B227","first-page":"83","article-title":"Semenya and ASA v IAAF: affirming the lawfulness of a sex-based eligibility rule for the women's category in elite sports","volume":"19","author":"Coleman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sweet Maxwell's Int Sports Law Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-228","article-title":"Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50\u2005m to 1,500\u2005m","volume":"3","author":"Rust","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12412","article-title":"Sex differences in elite swimming with advanced age are less than marathon running","volume":"26","author":"Senefeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1331-x","article-title":"The controversy of sports technology: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Dyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1024-z","article-title":"The biomechanics of competitive male runners in three marathon racing shoes: a randomized crossover study","volume":"49","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0811-2","article-title":"A comparison of the energetic cost of running in marathon racing shoes","volume":"48","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00002.2021","article-title":"Technological advances in elite marathon performance","volume":"130","author":"Senefeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B234","first-page":"S403","article-title":"Testosterone and the brain: from cognition to autism","volume":"69","author":"Ostatnikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/13685530601183537","article-title":"Gonadal steroids and visuo-spatial abilities in adult males: implications for generalized age-related cognitive decline","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.01.011","article-title":"Testosterone: activation or organization of spatial cognition?","volume":"73","author":"Falter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.2307\/1130467","article-title":"Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Linn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.2.250","article-title":"Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables","volume":"117","author":"Voyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.04.005","article-title":"Early androgen exposure modulates spatial cognition in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)","volume":"33","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.11.012","article-title":"Endogenous testosterone levels, mental rotation performance, and constituent abilities in middle-to-older aged men","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70297-1","article-title":"The ratio of the 2nd to 4th finger length predicts spatial ability in men but not women","volume":"41","author":"Sanders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.21044","article-title":"Testosterone treatment and cognitive function in older men with low testosterone and age-associated memory impairment","volume":"317","author":"Resnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0213-3","article-title":"Effects of testosterone administration on cognitive function in hysterectomized women with low testosterone levels: a dose-response randomized trial","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.05.062","article-title":"A randomized trial of the effect of testosterone and estrogen on verbal fluency, verbal memory, and spatial ability in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"95","author":"Kocoska-Maras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B245","first-page":"142","article-title":"Cognitive outcome in adult women affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"65","author":"Malouf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105751","article-title":"A new angle on mental rotation ability in transgender men: modulation by ovarian milieu","volume":"141","author":"Peragine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1938692","article-title":"Integrating transwomen athletes into elite competition: the case of elite archery and shooting","volume":"21","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12571","article-title":"Cross-sex hormone therapy in trans persons is safe and effective at short-time follow-up: results from the European network for the investigation of gender incongruence","volume":"11","author":"Wierckx","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e805","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz247","article-title":"Muscle strength, size, and composition following 12 months of gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals","volume":"105","author":"Wiik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12485","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of hematocrit in gender-affirming hormone treatment: results from European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence","volume":"6","author":"Defreyne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B251","volume-title":"Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs\u2014Female to Male Transsexual Athletes (Version 1.1)","author":"WADA","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0586","article-title":"Body composition, bone turnover, and bone mass in trans men during testosterone treatment: 1-year follow-up data from a prospective case-controlled study (ENIGI)","volume":"172","author":"Van Caenegem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1187","article-title":"Bone mass, bone geometry, and body composition in female-to-male transsexual persons after long-term cross-sex hormonal therapy","volume":"97","author":"Van Caenegem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0196","article-title":"Change in grip strength in trans people and its association with lean body mass and bone density","volume":"8","author":"Scharff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B255","first-page":"3873","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Gulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1324728","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009213431205","article-title":"Androgen-insensitivity syndrome as a possible coactivator disease","volume":"343","author":"Adachi","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817969","article-title":"Applicability of the SHBG androgen sensitivity test in the differential diagnosis of 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, true hermaphroditism, and androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Krause","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B259","author":"Dwyer"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024091719340898000_bnae013-B260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01451-8","article-title":"Integrating transwomen and female athletes with differences of sex development (DSD) into elite competition: the FIMS 2021 consensus statement","volume":"51","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnae013\/57922739\/bnae013.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/45\/5\/709\/59102467\/bnae013.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/45\/5\/709\/59102467\/bnae013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T19:37:15Z","timestamp":1726601835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article\/45\/5\/709\/7641481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":260,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnae013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-769X","1945-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-769X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]}}}