{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:35:31Z","timestamp":1787787331614,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The use and misuse of opioids are a growing global problem. Although the effects of these drugs on the human endocrine system have been studied for decades, attention on their related clinical consequences, particularly on the hypothalamic-pituitary system and bone health, has intensified over recent years. This Statement appraises research data related to the impact of opioids on the gonadal and adrenal function. Whereas hypogonadism is well recognized as a side effect of opioids, the significance of their inhibitory actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and the occurrence of clinically relevant adrenal insufficiency is not fully elucidated. The often-inconsistent results of studies investigating how opioids affect the secretion of GH, prolactin, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin are assessed. The accumulating evidence of opioid actions on bone metabolism and their negative sequelae on bone mineral density and risk of fracture are also reviewed. In each section, available data on diagnostic and management approaches for opioid endocrine sequelae are described. This Statement highlights a plethora of gaps in research associated with the effects and clinical consequences of opioids on the endocrine system. It is anticipated that addressing these gaps will improve the care of people using or misusing opioids worldwide. The Statement is not intended to serve as a guideline or dictate treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T16:40:52Z","timestamp":1729701652000},"page":"773-794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Exogenous Opioids and the Human Endocrine System: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4696-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niki","family":"Karavitaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham B15 2TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J","family":"Bettinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Management and Addiction Medicine, Saratoga Hospital Medical Group , Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nienke","family":"Biermasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 ZA Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Christ-Crain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel , 4031 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel , CH-4031 Basel 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