{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:12:22Z","timestamp":1790611942038,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>From antiquity, man has been fascinated by at least 2 processes of testicular function: virility and reproduction; their biological basis was uncovered beginning in the mid-19th century.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We have divided the search into 3 epochs: the speculative and observational, the experimental, and the biochemical\/physiological. The first begins with Susruta, approximately 3000 years ago, and winds its way through the Greek, Roman, the Christian Bible, Arabic, Chinese, and Indian pathways before coalescing in Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance. The second began with. Thomas Willis, who postulated a virilizing factor from the testis. A century later de Bordeu hypothesized a neurosecretory function for the hypothalamus\/pituitary. After John Hunter began to study testis implantation, it was Berthold who showed a secretory function of the testis following implantation. Charles-\u00c9duard Brown-S\u00e9quard focused the medical and lay communities on testis secretion with self-experimentation with animal testis extracts leading to more than 4 decades of uncertainty in the newly launched science of endocrinology. Multiple series of testicular implants and vas deferens ligations for the purposes of rejuvenation of older men followed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The medical experimentation continued in the biochemical\/physiological epoch where androgenic steroids were isolated, purified, identified, synthesized, and used in clinical trials. The effects of castration, some known from antiquity, were placed on a modern scientific basis with studies of the Skoptzy, a self-castrating sect from Russia and the castrati opera singers. Details of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function as well as the embryology of male sexual differentiation and spermatogenesis were defined during this epoch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaf009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T04:17:11Z","timestamp":1742357831000},"page":"549-575","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Historical Aspects of Testicular Function: Virility, Androgen Production, and Spermatogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D","family":"Rogol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22911 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS , 00165 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"2025071419563731500_bnaf009-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1935.92760160003010","article-title":"The testis hormone","volume":"104","author":"Moore","year":"1935","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025071419563731500_bnaf009-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-7304-6_11","volume-title":"A History of Endocrinology","author":"Medvei","year":"1982"},{"key":"2025071419563731500_bnaf009-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-91173-6","volume-title":"Die biologischen Grundlagen der ekundaeren Geschlechtscharaktere","author":"Tandler","year":"1913"},{"key":"2025071419563731500_bnaf009-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281","article-title":"\u00dcber krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron), wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron. 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