{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:51:05Z","timestamp":1792245065405,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PMP22\/00021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common and serious complications of acromegaly and a leading contributor to reduced life expectancy in affected individuals. This review examines the prevalence, mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular complications in patients with acromegaly. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 excess promotes a range of cardiovascular disturbances, including structural heart changes, arrhythmias, vascular dysfunction, and an increased burden of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Early recognition and targeted treatment of these complications are critical to reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While surgery and medical therapies for acromegaly aimed at normalizing hormone levels may lead to partial or full reversal of some cardiovascular alterations, many patients require continued management of comorbid conditions to control their overall cardiometabolic risk. Advances in diagnostic strategies and therapeutic options have contributed to improved survival, yet gaps remain in our understanding of how best to prevent or reverse cardiovascular damage in this population. Multidisciplinary care and individualized risk assessment are essential components of modern acromegaly management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnag011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1776770883000},"page":"577-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acromegaly and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms, clinical impact, and evolving management"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0519-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Araujo-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , Madrid 28034 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (IRYCIS) , Madrid 28034 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4959-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas , Lisbon 1998-018 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa , Lisbon 1327 ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9833-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Coimbra Local Health Unity , Coimbra 3000-075 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health of the University of Porto , Porto 4200-135 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto , Porto 4200-135 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"CIBIT\u2014Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research , Coimbra 3000-548 ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eider","family":"Pascual-Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , Madrid 28034 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3040-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Refardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam 3015 ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian J C M M","family":"Neggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam 3015 ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Cassinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , Madrid 28034 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Marazuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa , Madrid 28006 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