{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:02:52Z","timestamp":1778644972661,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism can be induced in mice or hamsters by novel approaches, namely injecting cells expressing the TSH receptor (TSHR) or vaccination with TSHR-DNA in plasmid or adenoviral vectors. These models provide unique insight into several aspects of Graves\u2019 disease: 1) manipulating immunity toward Th1 or Th2 cytokines enhances or suppresses hyperthyroidism in different models, perhaps reflecting human disease heterogeneity; 2) the role of TSHR cleavage and A subunit shedding in immunity leading to thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs); and 3) epitope spreading away from TSAbs and toward TSH-blocking antibodies in association with increased TSHR antibody titers (as in rare hypothyroid patients). Major developments from the models include the isolation of high-affinity monoclonal TSAbs and analysis of antigen presentation, T cells, and immune tolerance to the TSHR. Studies of inbred mouse strains emphasize the contribution of non-MHC vs. MHC genes, as in humans, supporting the relevance of the models to human disease. Moreover, other findings suggest that the development of Graves\u2019 disease is affected by environmental factors, including infectious pathogens, regardless of modifications in the Th1\/Th2 balance. Finally, developing immunospecific forms of therapy for Graves\u2019 disease will require painstaking dissection of immune recognition and responses to the TSHR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,10]],"date-time":"2005-10-10T15:27:50Z","timestamp":1128958070000},"page":"800-832","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Insight into Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism from Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Disease Unit (S.M.M., B.R.), Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Nagayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gene Technology (Y.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-85001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Disease Unit (S.M.M., B.R.), Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071611532917600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x","article-title":"The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham survey.","volume":"43","author":"Vanderpump","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-9-1-106","article-title":"Autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"9","author":"Rees Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R4","first-page":"788","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disease: further developments in our understanding.","volume":"15","author":"Weetman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R5","first-page":"673","article-title":"The thyrotropin receptor: interaction with thyrotropin and autoantibodies.","volume":"19","author":"Rapoport","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14321","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity.","volume":"108","author":"Rapoport","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0020","article-title":"Current perspective on the pathogenesis of Graves\u2019 disease and ophthalmopathy.","volume":"24","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R8","first-page":"414","author":"Marcocci","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(03)00114-0","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of a new assay for anti-thyroglobulin antibody detection in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.","volume":"36","author":"Sapin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R10","first-page":"192","article-title":"The molecular biology of thyroid peroxidase: cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease.","volume":"13","author":"McLachlan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-6-859","article-title":"Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases.","volume":"46","author":"Yoshida","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R12","first-page":"939","article-title":"Correlation of microsomal antibodies with the intensity of the intrathyroidal autoimmune process in Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"77","author":"Paschke","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1092","article-title":"Degenerate self-reactive human T-cell receptor causes spontaneous autoimmune disease in mice.","volume":"10","author":"Quaratino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-5-734","article-title":"Detection and properties of TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in patients with Graves\u2019 disease and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis.","volume":"46","author":"Endo","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01792.x","article-title":"Unlocking the immunological mechanisms of orbital inflammation in thyroid eye disease.","volume":"127","author":"Ludgate","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030010","article-title":"Clinical review 157: Pathophysiology of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy: the cycle of disease.","volume":"88","author":"Bahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250360731541","article-title":"Graves\u2019 dermopathy and acropachy are markers of severe Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy.","volume":"13","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00959.x","article-title":"Association of thyrotrophin receptor antibodies with the clinical features of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy.","volume":"52","author":"Gerding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.1115","article-title":"Severe thyroid eye disease associated with primary hypothyroidism and thyroid-associated dermopathy.","volume":"9","author":"Gleeson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.297","article-title":"Detection of TSH receptor RNA in cultured fibroblasts from patients with Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy and pretibial dermopathy.","volume":"3","author":"Heufelder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91475-2","article-title":"Expression of thyrotropin-receptor mRNA in healthy and Graves\u2019 disease retro-orbital tissue.","volume":"342","author":"Feliciello","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1360599","article-title":"Analysis of human thyrotropin receptor gene expression and immunoreactivity in human orbital tissue.","volume":"136","author":"Spitzweg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.3","article-title":"TSH receptor transcripts and TSH receptor-like immunoreactivity in orbital and pretibial fibroblasts of patients with Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema.","volume":"7","author":"Stadlmayr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R24","first-page":"2557","article-title":"Differentiation of human orbital preadipocyte fibroblasts induces expression of functional thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"84","author":"Valyasevi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0300369","article-title":"Adipose thyrotrophin receptor expression is elevated in Graves\u2019 and thyroid eye diseases ex vivo and indicates adipogenesis in progress in vivo.","volume":"30","author":"Starkey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250050137761","article-title":"Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: insight into and a hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"10","author":"Rapoport","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(82)80176-2","article-title":"Photo-affinity labelling of the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"145","author":"Buckland","year":"1982","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.9.3765","article-title":"Two-subunit structure of the human thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"89","author":"Loosfelt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.7.5259","article-title":"Evidence that the thyrotropin receptor ectodomain contains not one, but two, cleavage sites.","volume":"138","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.1.101","article-title":"Sequential cleavage and excision of a segment of the thyrotropin receptor ectodomain.","volume":"274","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33979","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.48.33979","article-title":"Subunit structure of thyrotropin receptors expressed on the cell surface.","volume":"274","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14800","DOI":"10.1021\/bi961359w","article-title":"Cell surface protein disulfide-isomerase is involved in the shedding of human thyrotropin receptor ectodomain.","volume":"35","author":"Couet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00018-0","article-title":"The shed component of the TSH receptor is primarily a carboxyl terminal truncated form of the A subunit, not the entire A subunit.","volume":"150","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18959","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18959","article-title":"Engineering the human thyrotropin receptor ectodomain from a non-secreted form to a secreted, highly immunoreactive glycoprotein that neutralizes autoantibodies in Graves\u2019 patients\u2019 sera.","volume":"272","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R35","first-page":"1287","article-title":"A \u201cprion-like\u201d shift between two conformational forms of a recombinant thyrotropin receptor A subunit module: purification and stabilization using chemical chaperones of the form reactive with Graves\u2019 autoantibodies.","volume":"86","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)10030-X","article-title":"A central role of CD40 ligand in the regulation of CD4+ T-cell responses.","volume":"17","author":"Grewal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90000-4","article-title":"New perspectives of CD28\u2013B7-mediated T cell costimulation.","volume":"2","author":"Bluestone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.9.4689","article-title":"Characterization of human inducible costimulator ligand expression and function.","volume":"164","author":"Aicher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.375","article-title":"The immunological synapse.","volume":"19","author":"Bromley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045","article-title":"TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties.","volume":"7","author":"Mosmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R41","first-page":"141","article-title":"Towards a molecular undertanding of immunoglobulin class switching.","volume":"3","author":"Siebenkotten","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Immunologist"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R42","first-page":"91","author":"Kong","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R43","first-page":"245","article-title":"Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in animals as a model of human disease.","volume":"19","author":"Bigazzi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Prog Allergy"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81106-X","article-title":"Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.","volume":"85","author":"Tisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.76.6.417","article-title":"Studies on organ specificity. V. Changes in the thyroid glands of rabbits following active immunization with rabbit thyroid extracts.","volume":"76","author":"Rose","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R46","first-page":"1","author":"Kong","year":"1986"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb06434.x","article-title":"Experimental murine thyroiditis induced by porcine thyroid peroxidase and its transfer by the antigen-specific T cell line.","volume":"80","author":"Kotani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0656","article-title":"Development of a murine model of autoimmune thyroiditis induced with homologous mouse thyroid peroxidase.","volume":"145","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(85)90095-7","article-title":"Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis\u2014a bird\u2019s eye view.","volume":"6","author":"Wick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0100127","article-title":"The thyrotropin hormone receptor of Graves\u2019 disease: overexpression of the extracellular domain in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus, immunoaffinity purification and analysis of autoantibody binding.","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91372-J","article-title":"Prokaryotic expression of the thyrotropin receptor and identification of an immunogenic region of the protein using synthetic peptides.","volume":"179","author":"Takai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03691-1","article-title":"The autoimmune response induced by immunising female mice with recombinant human thyrotropin receptor varies with the genetic background.","volume":"115","author":"Costagliola","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.7.7540542","article-title":"Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor: antibodies can bind to discrete conformational or linear epitopes and block TSH binding.","volume":"136","author":"Seetharamaiah","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.4.5037","article-title":"Folding-dependent binding of thyrotropin (TSH) and TSH receptor autoantibodies to the murine TSH receptor ectodomain.","volume":"138","author":"Vlase","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.4.5093","article-title":"Differential reactivities of recombinant glycosylated ectodomains of mouse and human thyrotropin receptors with patient autoantibodies.","volume":"138","author":"Patibandla","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1993.1050","article-title":"The use of the severe combined immunodeficient mouse and the athymic \u201cnude\u201d mouse as models for the study of human autoimmune thyroid disease.","volume":"67","author":"Volpe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211173","article-title":"In vivo effects of TSH receptor antibodies in xenotransplanted human thyroid tissue.","volume":"100","author":"Schumm-Draeger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2020071611532917600_R58","first-page":"60","article-title":"Effect of Graves\u2019 intrathyroidal lymphocytes","volume":"104","author":"Schumm-Draeger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Effect of Graves\u2019 disease intrathyroidal lymphocytes (ITL) on xenotransplants of human thyroid tissue in athymic nude mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90629-3","article-title":"Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity.","volume":"2","author":"Bottazzo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-6-1296","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 with or without interferon-\u03b3 on human thyroid tissues from patients with Graves\u2019 disease and from normal subjects xenografted into nude mice.","volume":"72","author":"Kasuga","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb06488.x","article-title":"The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse as a model for the study of autoimmune diseases.","volume":"93","author":"Vladutiu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb08120.x","article-title":"Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice: a model for investigating human thyroid autoantibody synthesis.","volume":"84","author":"Macht","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(91)90075-L","article-title":"The SCID-hu mouse and thyroid autoimmunity: characterization of human thyroid autoantibody secretion.","volume":"60","author":"Davies","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1159\/000236205","article-title":"Characteristics of long-term human thyroid peroxidase autoantibody secretion in SCID mice transplanted with lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.","volume":"98","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R65","first-page":"223","article-title":"Reconstitution of severe combined immunodeficient mice with intrathyroidal lymphocytes of thyroid xenografts from patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis.","volume":"76","author":"Akasu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R66","first-page":"255","article-title":"Studies of thyroid xenografts from Graves\u2019 disease in severe combined immunodeficient mice.","volume":"77","author":"Morita","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115043","article-title":"Limited B cell repertoire in severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from immunodeficient or normal humans.","volume":"87","author":"Saxon","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1995.5.293","article-title":"Homing of 51Cr-labeled human peripheral lymphocytes to Graves\u2019 thyroid tissue xenografted into SCID mice.","volume":"4","author":"Resetkova","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.429","article-title":"The effect of adding a surfeit of autologous CD8+ T cells to SCID mice after secondary rexenografts of Graves\u2019 thyroid tissue.","volume":"6","author":"Mukuta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R70","first-page":"311","article-title":"Preservation of functioning human thyroid organoids in the scid mouse: II. Biased use of intrathyroidal T cell receptor V genes.","volume":"77","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R71","first-page":"2848","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease in severe combined immunodeficient mice.","volume":"80","author":"Soliman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1360213","article-title":"Simultaneous xenotransplantation of human Graves\u2019 thyroid tissue and autologous bone marrow cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice: successful reconstitution of human Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism.","volume":"136","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11074","article-title":"Induction of Graves-like disease in mice by immunization with fibroblasts transfected with the thyrotropin repector and a class II molecule.","volume":"93","author":"Shimojo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.12.4589","article-title":"Genetic control of anti-thyrotropin receptor antibody generation in H-2k mice immunized with thyrotropin receptor-transfected fibroblasts.","volume":"82","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.3.6599","article-title":"Regulation and transfer of a murine model of thyrotropin receptor antibody mediated Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"140","author":"Kita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939908994746","article-title":"Lack of female bias in a mouse model of autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves\u2019 disease).","volume":"29","author":"Jaume","year":"1999","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220688","article-title":"Contrasting activities of thyrotropin receptor antibodies in experimental models of Graves\u2019 disease induced by injection of transfected fibroblasts or deoxyribonucleic acid vaccination.","volume":"144","author":"Rao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220582","article-title":"Induction of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor autoimmunity in hamsters.","volume":"144","author":"Ando","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.5157","article-title":"Induction of experimental autoimmune Graves\u2019 disease in BALB\/c mice.","volume":"163","author":"Kaithamana","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0352","article-title":"Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-6-dependent, but not Stat4-dependent, immunity is required for the development of autoimmunity in Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism.","volume":"145","author":"Land","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116600","article-title":"Human organ-specific autoimmune disease: molecular cloning and expression of an autoantibody gene repertoire for a major autoantigen reveals an antigenic dominant region and restricted immunoglobulin gene usage in the target organ.","volume":"92","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R82","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Cellular thyroid peroxidase (TPO), unlike purified TPO and adjuvant, induces antibodies in mice that resemble autoantibodies in human autoimmune thyroid disease.","volume":"84","author":"Jaume","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/356152a0","article-title":"Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response.","volume":"356","author":"Tang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.3.1458","article-title":"Genetic immunization against the human thyrotropin receptor causes thyroiditis and allows production of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the native receptor.","volume":"160","author":"Costagliola","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.8.8301","article-title":"Naked thyrotropin receptor DNA vaccination: A TH1 T cell response in which interferon-\u03b3 production, rather than antibody, dominates the immune response in mice.","volume":"142","author":"Pichurin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.6.2789","article-title":"A novel murine model of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism with intramuscular injection of adenovirus expressing the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"168","author":"Nagayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.8.4966","article-title":"Development of an animal model of autoimmune thyroid eye disease.","volume":"162","author":"Many","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1015","article-title":"Re-evaluating thyrotropin receptor induced mouse models of Graves\u2019 disease and ophthalmopathy.","volume":"146","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02483.x","article-title":"Induction of hyperthyroidism in mice by intradermal immunization with DNA encoding the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"136","author":"Barrett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0530","article-title":"\u201cHijacking\u201d the thyrotropin receptor: a chimeric receptor-lysosome associated membrane protein enhances deoxyribonucleic acid vaccination and induces Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism.","volume":"145","author":"Pichurin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7665","article-title":"Genetic immunization of outbred mice with thyrotropin receptor cDNA provides a model of Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"105","author":"Costagliola","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0069","article-title":"The cysteine-rich amino terminus of the thyrotropin receptor is the immunodominant linear antibody epitope in mice immunized using naked DNA or adenovirus vectors.","volume":"144","author":"Schwarz-Lauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0030","article-title":"Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function.","volume":"24","author":"Tomer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322511300","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor-DNA vaccination of transgenic mice expressing HLA-DR3 or HLA-DQ6b.","volume":"13","author":"Pichurin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02333.x","article-title":"Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis in HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) transgenic mice after immunization with thyrotropin receptor DNA.","volume":"135","author":"Flynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321582024","article-title":"A major role for non-MHC genes, but not for micro-organisms, in a novel model of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism.","volume":"13","author":"Nagayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317069","article-title":"The thyrotropin receptor autoantigen in Graves\u2019 disease is the culprit as well as the victim.","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R98","first-page":"27","article-title":"Contrasting properties of induced hyperthyroidism with thyrotropin receptor DNA delivery by adenovirus or immunogenic liposomes. Proc 30th Annual Meeting of the European Thyroid Association, Istanbul, 2004.","volume":"8","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Turkish J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1134","article-title":"Low-dose immunization with adenovirus expressing the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor A-subunit deviates the antibody response toward that of autoantibodies in human Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02080.x","article-title":"Dendritic cells infected with adenovirus expressing the thyrotropin receptor induce Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism in BALB\/c mice.","volume":"131","author":"Kita-Furuyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.7.3148","article-title":"Molecular analysis of stimulatory anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TSAbs) involved in Graves\u2019 disease. Isolation and reconstruction of antibody genes, and production of monoclonal TSAbs.","volume":"157","author":"Akamizu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.3.1485","article-title":"Variable regions of Ig heavy chain genes encoding antithyrotropin receptor antibodies of patients with Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"152","author":"Shin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.4.6664","article-title":"Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antithyrotropin receptor antibodies (TSHRAbs) derived from lymphocytes of patients with Graves\u2019 disease: epitope and binding study of two stimulatory TSHRAbs.","volume":"140","author":"Akamizu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324255","article-title":"Generation of a transgenic animal model of hyperthyroid Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"33","author":"Kim-Saijo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.11.8895327","article-title":"Transfer of thyroiditis, with syngeneic spleen cells sensitized with the human thyrotropin receptor, to naive BALB\/c and NOD mice.","volume":"137","author":"Costagliola","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/0891693021000026319","article-title":"Experimental model for ophthalmopathy in BALB\/c and outbred (CD-1) mice genetically immunized with G2s and the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"35","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1068","article-title":"A transgenic mouse with a deletion in the collagenous domain of adiponectin displays elevated circulating adiponectin and improved insulin sensitivity.","volume":"145","author":"Combs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1957.02980130015004","article-title":"Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization.","volume":"164","author":"Witebsky","year":"1957","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111091","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G inhibitor of thyroid-stimulating antibody is a cause of delay in the onset of neonatal Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"72","author":"Zakarija","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-5-1239","article-title":"Transient neonatal hypothyroidism: characterization of maternal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"70","author":"Zakarija","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90244-F","article-title":"Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky\u2019s postulates revisited).","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.4.8745","article-title":"Immune deviation away from Th1 in interferon-\u03b3 knockout mice does not enhance TSH receptor antibody production after naked DNA vaccination.","volume":"143","author":"Pichurin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322021070","article-title":"Studies on murine thyroiditis: new insights from organ flow cytometry.","volume":"13","author":"Caturegli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-4-744","article-title":"High endothelial venules present in lymphoid cell accumulations in thyroids affected by autoimmune disease: a study in men and BB rats of functional activity and development.","volume":"68","author":"Kabel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61762-2","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmune disease: demonstration of thyroid antigen-specific B cells and recombination-activating gene expression in chemokine-containing active intrathyroidal germinal centers.","volume":"159","author":"Armengol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1126","article-title":"Dissociation between iodide-induced thyroiditis and antibody-mediated hyperthyroidism in NOD.H-2h4 mice.","volume":"146","author":"McLachlan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.4.5876","article-title":"The formation of thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies in a Graves\u2019 animal model requires the N-terminal segment of the TSHR extracellular domain.","volume":"139","author":"Kikuoka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01362.x","article-title":"Cytokines, IgG subclasses and costimulation in a mouse model of thyroid autoimmunity induced by injection of fibroblasts co-expressing MHC class II and thyroid autoantigens.","volume":"122","author":"Yan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02399.x","article-title":"Evidence that factors other than particular thyrotropin receptor T cell epitopes contribute to the development of hyperthyroidism in murine Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"135","author":"Pichurin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215745","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies in Graves disease preferentially recognize the free A subunit, not the thyrotropin holoreceptor.","volume":"110","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.5.2371","article-title":"Epitope recognition by diverse antibodies suggests conformational convergence in an antibody response.","volume":"168","author":"Nair","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01365.x-i2","article-title":"Somatic and germline mutations of the TSH receptor and thyroid diseases.","volume":"55","author":"Corvilain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R123","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Visualization of the thyrotropin receptor on the cell surface by potent autoantibodies.","volume":"78","author":"De Forteza","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R124","first-page":"500","article-title":"TSH receptor autoantibodies in serum are present at much lower concentrations than thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies: analysis by flow cytometry.","volume":"82","author":"Jaume","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9860","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0107389","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a soluble bioactive amino-terminal extracellular domain of the human thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"40","author":"Cornelis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.09.018","article-title":"Affinity purification and diagnostic use of TSH receptor autoantibodies from human serum.","volume":"212","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02170.x","article-title":"Insight into antibody responses induced by plasmid or adenoviral vectors encoding thyroid peroxidase, a major thyroid autoantigen.","volume":"132","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R128","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody fingerprints. II. A longitudinal study in postpartum thyroiditis.","volume":"80","author":"Jaume","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-659.x","article-title":"Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody epitopic \u2018fingerprints\u2019 in juvenile Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: evidence for conservation over time and in families.","volume":"104","author":"Jaume","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1456","article-title":"Dynamics of thyroid-stimulating and -blocking antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor in a murine model of Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"145","author":"Muehlberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.1051","article-title":"Epitope analysis of the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor using monoclonal antibodies.","volume":"10","author":"Oda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113731","article-title":"\u03ba\/\u03bb Immunoglobulin distribution in Graves\u2019 thyroid-stimulating antibodies. Simultaneous analysis of C \u03bb gene polymorphisms.","volume":"82","author":"Williams Jr","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01190.x","article-title":"Affinity purification of IgG subclasses and the distribution of thyroid auto-antibody reactivity in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis.","volume":"30","author":"Weetman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.902","article-title":"Thyrotropin-luteinizing hormone\/chorionic gonadotropin receptor extracellular domain chimeras as probes for TSH receptor function.","volume":"88","author":"Nagayama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115297","article-title":"Binding domains of stimulatory and inhibitory thyrotropin (TSH) receptor autoantibodies determined with chimeric TSH-lutropin\/chorionic gonadotropin receptors.","volume":"88","author":"Nagayama","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R136","first-page":"2525","article-title":"Critical relationship between autoantibody recognition and TSH receptor maturation as reflected in the acquisition of mature carbohydrate.","volume":"81","author":"Rapoport","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.6.2798","article-title":"Requirement of glycosylation of the human thyrotropin receptor ectodomain for its reactivity with autoantibodies in patients\u2019 sera.","volume":"158","author":"Seetharamaiah","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032068","article-title":"Affinity-enrichment of thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies from Graves\u2019 patients and normal individuals provides insight into their properties and possible origin from natural antibodies.","volume":"89","author":"Latrofa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R139","first-page":"702","article-title":"A mouse monoclonal antibody to a thyrotropin receptor ectodomain variant provides insight into the exquisite antigenic conformational requirement, epitopes and in vivo concentration of human autoantibodies.","volume":"84","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91335-A","article-title":"Immunoglobulins from Graves\u2019 disease patients interact with different sites on TSH receptor\/LH-CG receptor chimeras than either TSH or immunoglobulins from idiopathic myxedema patients.","volume":"179","author":"Tahara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502753522347","article-title":"Evidence for a simplified view of autoantibody interactions with the TSH receptor.","volume":"12","author":"Schwarz-Lauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14926","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98566-2","article-title":"Eleven amino acids (Lys-201 to Lys-211) and 9 amino acids (Gly-222 to Leu-230) in the human thyrotropin receptor are involved in ligand binding.","volume":"266","author":"Nagayama","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg260","article-title":"Glycoprotein hormone receptors: determinants in leucine-rich repeats responsible for ligand specificity.","volume":"22","author":"Smits","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.10.7664661","article-title":"Defining the major antibody epitopes on the human thyrotropin receptor in immunized mice: evidence for intramolecular epitope spreading.","volume":"136","author":"Vlase","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939608994713","article-title":"Influence of adjuvants on the induction of autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"24","author":"Seetharamaiah","year":"1996","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.8.7628382","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor-specific antibodies in BALB\/cJ mice with experimental hyperthyroxinemia show a restricted binding specificity and belong to the immunoglobulin Gl subclass.","volume":"136","author":"Wagle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0336","article-title":"Adjuvant effects of cholera toxin B subunit on immune response to recombinant thyrotropin receptor in mice.","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R148","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Thyroid stimulatory autoantibodies in different patients with autoimmune thyroid disease do not all recognize the same components of the human thyrotropin receptor: selective role of receptor amino acids Ser25-Glu30.","volume":"75","author":"Nagayama","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0789","article-title":"Dissecting linear and conformational epitopes on the native thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"145","author":"Ando","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.8.2692","article-title":"Analysis of an immunodominant region of infectious bronchitis virus.","volume":"143","author":"Kusters","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.11.3829","article-title":"Mapping of epitopes on the La(SS-B) autoantigen of primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: identification of a cross-reactive epitope.","volume":"145","author":"McNeilage","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.1.138-146.1991","article-title":"Distribution of linear antigenic sites on glycoprotein gp55 of human cytomegalovirus.","volume":"65","author":"Kniess","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/256495a0","article-title":"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.","volume":"256","author":"Kohler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01664.x","article-title":"Specificity of monoclonal antibodies against human thyroglobulin; comparison with autoimmune antibodies.","volume":"2","author":"Ruf","year":"1983","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-3-1211","article-title":"Relationship between immunological structure and biochemical properties of human thyroid peroxidase.","volume":"125","author":"Ruf","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0160159","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to the human thyrotropin receptor: epitope mapping and binding to the native receptor on the basolateral plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells.","volume":"16","author":"Nicholson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90100-7","article-title":"Production of antibodies to the human thyrotropin receptor and their use in characterising eukaryotically expressed functional receptor.","volume":"102","author":"Harfst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502321085135","article-title":"Thyroid stimulating monoclonal antibodies.","volume":"12","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216991","article-title":"A monoclonal thyroid-stimulating antibody.","volume":"110","author":"Ando","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02762-6","article-title":"Generation of a mouse monoclonal TSH receptor antibody with stimulating activity.","volume":"299","author":"Costagliola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0231","article-title":"Delineation of the discontinuous-conformational epitope of a monoclonal antibody displaying full in vitro and in vivo thyrotropin activity.","volume":"18","author":"Costagliola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02028.x","article-title":"Thyroid stimulating monoclonal antibodies: overcoming the road blocks and the way forward.","volume":"61","author":"McLachlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13866-4","article-title":"Human monoclonal thyroid stimulating autoantibody.","volume":"362","author":"Sanders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502321085126","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies with thyroid stimulating activity, at last.","volume":"12","author":"Costagliola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.531","article-title":"Epitope heterogeneity of thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies in Graves\u2019 patients as detected with wild-type versus chimeric thyrotropin receptors.","volume":"9","author":"Grasso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031554","article-title":"Thyroid stimulation does not require antibodies with identical epitopes but does involve recognition of a critical conformation at the N-terminus of the thyrotropin receptor A-subunit.","volume":"89","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1089\/1050725041692918","article-title":"Characteristics of a human monoclonal autoantibody to the thyrotropin receptor: sequence structure and function.","volume":"14","author":"Sanders","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02417.x","article-title":"Antibodies to TSH-receptor in thyroid autoimmune disease interact with monoclonal antibodies whose epitopes are broadly distributed on the receptor.","volume":"136","author":"Minich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R169","first-page":"394","article-title":"Studies on the role of amino acids 38\u201345 in the expression of a functional thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"6","author":"Wadsworth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14767","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008001200","article-title":"A full biological response to autoantibodies in Graves\u2019 disease requires a disulfide-bond loop in the thyrotropin N-terminus homologous to a laminin EGF-like domain.","volume":"276","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R171","first-page":"11","article-title":"Abnormal responses in the assay of thyrotropins.","volume":"34","author":"Adams","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc Univ Otago Sch Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-62-6-865","article-title":"Delayed thyroid response to serum from thyrotoxic patients.","volume":"62","author":"McKenzie","year":"1958","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-4-782","article-title":"Characterization of the optimal stimulatory effects of Graves\u2019 monoclonal and serum immunoglobulin G on adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-monophosphate production in FRTL-5 thyroid cells: a potential clinical assay.","volume":"57","author":"Vitti","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348154","article-title":"Detection and characterization of autoantibodies blocking the TSH-dependent cAMP production using FRTL-5 cells.","volume":"10","author":"Chiovato","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2004.14.991","article-title":"Analysis of the thyrotropin receptor-thyrotropin interaction by comparative modeling.","volume":"14","author":"Nunez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03206","article-title":"Structure of human follicle-stimulating hormone in complex with its receptor.","volume":"433","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21334","article-title":"Concentration-dependent regulation of thyrotropin receptor function by thyroid-stimulating antibody.","volume":"113","author":"Ando","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.93.1.49","article-title":"Expression of a mannosyl-fucosyl receptor for endocytosis on cultured primary macrophages and their hybrids.","volume":"93","author":"Stahl","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.06.013","article-title":"Divergent roles for C-type lectins expressed by cells of the innate immune system.","volume":"41","author":"McGreal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/314537a0","article-title":"Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells.","volume":"314","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.08.040190.004013","article-title":"Receptor-mediated antigen uptake and its effect on antigen presentation to class II-restricted T lymphocytes.","volume":"8","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.6.1945","article-title":"How can cryptic epitopes trigger autoimmunity?","volume":"181","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08339.x","article-title":"Genetic and epitopic analysis of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies: markers of the human thyroid autoimmune response.","volume":"101","author":"McLachlan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3871967","article-title":"Human T cell clones from autoimmune thyroid glands: specific recognition of autologous thyroid cells.","volume":"228","author":"Londei","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R185","first-page":"101","article-title":"An intrathyroidal T-cell clone specifically cytotoxic for human thyroid cells.","volume":"61","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.2.661","article-title":"Human myoblasts as antigen-presenting cells.","volume":"149","author":"Goebels","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R187","first-page":"315","article-title":"Thyroglobulin uptake and presentation by macrophages in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.","volume":"50","author":"Weetman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415","article-title":"The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity.","volume":"9","author":"Steinman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(86)90014-0","article-title":"Thyroglobulin-treated blood dendritic cells induce IgG anti-thyroglobulin antibody in vitro in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis.","volume":"41","author":"Farrant","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231606698","article-title":"Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance.","volume":"99","author":"Steinman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270941","article-title":"The mannose receptor functions as a high capacity and broad specificity antigen receptor in human dendritic cells.","volume":"27","author":"Engering","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38325-5","article-title":"Primary structure of the mannose receptor contains multiple motifs resembling carbohydrate-recognition domains.","volume":"265","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.7.1117","article-title":"The cysteine-rich domain of the macrophage mannose receptor is a multispecific lectin that recognizes chondroitin sulfates A and B and sulfated oligosaccharides of blood group Lewis(a) and Lewis(x) types in addition to the sulfated N-glycans of lutropin.","volume":"191","author":"Leteux","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54164-8","article-title":"Structural requirements for high affinity binding of complex ligands by the macrophage mannose receptor.","volume":"268","author":"Taylor","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200106)31:6<1857::AID-IMMU1857>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Endogenous ligands of carbohydrate recognition domains of the mannose receptor in murine macrophages, endothelial cells and secretory cells; potential relevance to inflammation and immunity.","volume":"31","author":"Linehan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02689.x","article-title":"Interactions between the mannose receptor and thyroid autoimmunity.","volume":"139","author":"Chazenbalk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.5.2049","article-title":"B lymphocytes are essential for the initiation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes: analysis of a new \u201cspeed congenic\u201d stock of NOD.Ig\u03bcnull mice.","volume":"184","author":"Serreze","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/9.8.1159","article-title":"Direct evidence for the contribution of B cells to the progression of insulitis and the development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.","volume":"9","author":"Akashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.3.1163","article-title":"B lymphocytes are crucial antigen-presenting cells in the pathogenic autoimmune response to GAD65 antigen in nonobese diabetic mice.","volume":"161","author":"Falcone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200212)32:12<3657::AID-IMMU3657>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"The preferential ability of B lymphocytes to act as diabetogenic APC in NOD mice depends on expression of self-antigen-specific immunoglobulin receptors.","volume":"32","author":"Silveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.951","article-title":"B cells are not essential for peripheral T-cell tolerance.","volume":"93","author":"Vella","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.7.3640","article-title":"Cellular interactions involved in Th cell memory.","volume":"165","author":"Essen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.10.5558","article-title":"A critical role for B cells in the development of memory CD4 cells.","volume":"165","author":"Linton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2003.02322.x","article-title":"Thyrotrophin receptor-specific memory T cell responses require normal B cells in a murine model of Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"134","author":"Pichurin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7262","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7262","article-title":"Early requirement for B cells for development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice.","volume":"165","author":"Braley-Mullen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.6.1957","article-title":"Modulation of antigen processing by bound antibodies can boost or suppress class II major histocompatibility complex presentation of different T cell determinants.","volume":"181","author":"Simitsek","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.12.6987","article-title":"Enhancing or suppressive effects of antibodies on processing of a pathogenic T cell epitope in thyroglobulin.","volume":"162","author":"Dai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.64.070195.002335","article-title":"Generation, translocation, and presentation of MHC class I-restricted peptides.","volume":"64","author":"Heemels","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R209","first-page":"184","author":"Bona","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90628-1","article-title":"Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigen on thyrocytes in Graves\u2019 disease: relevance for autoimmunity.","volume":"2","author":"Hanafusa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/312639a0","article-title":"Epithelial cells expressing aberrant MHC class II determinants can present antigen to cloned human T cells.","volume":"312","author":"Londei","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1654","article-title":"Transgenic mice producing major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on thyroid cells do not develop apparent autoimmune thyroid diseases.","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1165","article-title":"Expression of class II MHC molecules on thyrocytes does not cause spontaneous thyroiditis, but mildly increases its severity after immunization.","volume":"146","author":"Kimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"2020071611532917600_R214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(92)90026-M","article-title":"T cell activation and antigen presentation in human thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"5","author":"Feldmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-1-199","article-title":"Intrathyroidal dendritic cells.","volume":"66","author":"Kabel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53945-4","article-title":"The motif Tyr-X-X-hydrophobic residue mediates lysosomal membrane targeting of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1.","volume":"268","author":"Guarnieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00201-0","article-title":"Targeting antigen-specific T cells by genetically engineered antigen presenting cells. A strategy for specific immunotherapy of autoimmune disease.","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/374546a0","article-title":"CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation.","volume":"374","author":"Krieg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(97)00049-7","article-title":"Gene therapy with recombinant adenovirus vectors: evaluation of the host immune response.","volume":"57","author":"Christ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3109\/08830180009088515","article-title":"A novel mouse model of Graves\u2019 disease: implications for a role of aberrant MHC class II expression in its pathogenesis.","volume":"19","author":"Shimojo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10900","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)82070-1","article-title":"Structure-function studies of the human thyrotropin receptor. Inhibition of binding of labeled thyrotropin (TSH) by synthetic human TSH receptor peptides.","volume":"268","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760339316","article-title":"Peptide scanning for thyrotropin receptor T-cell epitopes in mice vaccinated with naked DNA.","volume":"12","author":"Pichurin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1384","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor knockout mice: studies on immunological tolerance to a major thyroid autoantigen.","volume":"145","author":"Pichurin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R224","first-page":"67","author":"McLachlan","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R225","first-page":"3361","article-title":"Detection of major T-cell epitopes on human TSH receptor by overriding immune heterogeneity in patients with Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"82","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.8.7543112","article-title":"Does thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy, or antithyroid drug treatment alter reactivity of patients\u2019 T cells to epitopes of thyrotropin receptor in autoimmune thyroid diseases.","volume":"80","author":"Soliman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.545","article-title":"T-cell recognition of residue 158\u2013176 in thyrotropin receptor confers risk for development of thyroid autoimmunity in siblings in a family with Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"6","author":"Soliman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06982.x","article-title":"T cell responses to synthetic TSH receptor peptides in Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"89","author":"Tandon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1994.4.37","article-title":"Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Graves\u2019 disease to synthetic peptides epitopes of human thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"4","author":"Okamoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.6.2245","article-title":"The anatomy of T-cell activation and tolerance.","volume":"93","author":"Mondino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90317-E","article-title":"Multiple levels of peripheral tolerance.","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.10.040192.000411","article-title":"Peripheral T cell tolerance.","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90568-X","article-title":"T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus.","volume":"49","author":"Kappler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119032","article-title":"Thymic hyperplasia in patients with Graves\u2019 disease. Identification of thyrotropin receptors in human thymus.","volume":"98","author":"Murakami","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.879","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor expression in adrenal, kidney, and thymus.","volume":"7","author":"Dutton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01077-3","article-title":"Expression of thyrotropin receptors in rat thymus.","volume":"68","author":"Murakami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242322099","article-title":"Defining thyrotropin-dependent and -independent steps of thyroid hormone synthesis by using thyrotropin receptor-null mice.","volume":"99","author":"Marians","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80562-2","article-title":"Differential tolerance is induced in T cells recognizing distinct epitopes of myelin basic protein.","volume":"8","author":"Harrington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0311","article-title":"Comparison of immune responses to extracellular domains of mouse and human thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"13","author":"Patibandla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.7.3109","article-title":"Thymic expression of autoantigens correlates with resistance to autoimmune disease.","volume":"159","author":"Egwuagu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15861","article-title":"Myelin\/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-deficient (MOG-deficient) mice reveal lack of immune tolerance to MOG in wild-type mice.","volume":"112","author":"Delarasse","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0397-289","article-title":"Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus.","volume":"15","author":"Vafiadis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0397-293","article-title":"The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes.","volume":"15","author":"Pugliese","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R244","first-page":"875","article-title":"TSH receptor A-subunits targeted to the thyroid in transgenic mice induce immune tolerance and abrogate experimental Graves\u2019 disease. Proc 76th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association, Vancouver, 2004.","volume":"9","author":"Pichurin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R245","first-page":"740","article-title":"Development of transgenic mice expressing human thyrotropin receptor in thyroid and orbital tissues: towards an animal model of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy. Proc 76th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association, Vancouver, 2004.","volume":"14","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786470","article-title":"The paradigm of Th1 and Th2 cytokines: its relevance to autoimmunity and allergy.","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R247","first-page":"1667","article-title":"Recurrence of thyrotoxicosis after attack of allergic rhinitis in patients with Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"77","author":"Hidaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02429-0","article-title":"Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"354","author":"Coles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1410309","article-title":"Intrathyroidal cytokine gene expression profiles in autoimmune thyroiditis.","volume":"141","author":"Paschke","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R250","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Cell-mediated or humoral immunity in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy? Profiles of T-cell cytokines amplified by polymerase chain reaction from orbital tissue.","volume":"78","author":"McLachlan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.97","article-title":"Different cytokine mRNA profiles in Graves\u2019 disease, Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, and nonautoimmune thyroid disorders determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).","volume":"6","author":"Heuer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114768","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating antibody activity between different immunoglobulin G subclasses.","volume":"86","author":"Weetman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260716","article-title":"Relationship between Th1\/Th2 cytokine patterns and the arthritogenic response in collagen-induced arthritis.","volume":"26","author":"Mauri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.1151-1159.2001","article-title":"The common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide up-regulates accessory properties of human monocytes via an interleukin-4-dependent mechanism.","volume":"69","author":"Ulanova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.4.2195","article-title":"Absence of IL-4, and not suppression of the Th2 response, prevents development of experimental autoimmune Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"170","author":"Dogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3522","article-title":"Prevention of autoantibody-mediated Graves\u2019-like hyperthyroidism in mice with IL-4, a Th2 cytokine.","volume":"170","author":"Nagayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.3.2167","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and \u03b1-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism.","volume":"173","author":"Nagayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0683","article-title":"Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism and the hygiene hypothesis in a mouse model.","volume":"145","author":"Nagayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02641.x","article-title":"TSHR receptor-adenovirus-induced Graves\u2019 disease is attenuated in both interferon-\u03b3 and interleukin-4 knockout mice: implications for the Th1\/Th2 paradigm.","volume":"138","author":"Nagayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301251","article-title":"Recombinant adenoviral vectors have adjuvant activity and stimulate T cell responses against tumor cells.","volume":"7","author":"Geutskens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-781","article-title":"Lessons from animal models for human autoimmune diseases.","volume":"2","author":"Taneja","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0716","article-title":"Susceptibility rather than resistance to hyperthyroidism is dominant in a thyrotropin receptor adenovirus-induced animal model of Graves\u2019 disease as revealed by BALB\/c-C57BL\/6 hybrid mice.","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.1.40","article-title":"High incidence of thyroiditis and anti-thyroid autoantibodies in NOD mice.","volume":"41","author":"Bernard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500605","article-title":"The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases.","volume":"150","author":"Prummel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R265","first-page":"107","article-title":"Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity.","volume":"14","author":"Tomer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90160-M","article-title":"NOD mouse colonies around the world\u2014recent facts and figures.","volume":"14","author":"Pozzilli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1112","article-title":"Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses.","volume":"5","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/35095579","article-title":"The germless theory of allergic disease: revisiting the hygiene hypothesis.","volume":"1","author":"Wills-Karp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5567.490","article-title":"Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis.","volume":"296","author":"Yazdanbakhsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.010","article-title":"Infection and autoimmunity: are we winning the war, only to lose the peace?","volume":"20","author":"Cooke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176453","article-title":"Iodine excess and hyperthyroidism.","volume":"11","author":"Roti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0191","article-title":"Iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD-H2h4 mice.","volume":"81","author":"Rasooly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0272","article-title":"Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice.","volume":"12","author":"Braley-Mullen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1446","article-title":"Both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells are required for iodine accelerated thyroiditis in NOD mice.","volume":"192","author":"Hutchings","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107212","article-title":"Control of thyroid hormone secretion in normal subjects receiving iodides.","volume":"52","author":"Vagenakis","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420001","article-title":"Animal models of Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"142","author":"Ludgate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00060793-200310000-00011","article-title":"Novel murine models of thyroid autoimmunity.","volume":"10","author":"Nagayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0804-801","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and mechanisms of immune system control.","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Garra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.091101.091806","article-title":"The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses.","volume":"20","author":"Carreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(01)00222-2","article-title":"Modeling of the three-dimensional structure of proteins with the typical leucine-rich repeats.","volume":"3","author":"Kajava","year":"1995","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.8.4545","article-title":"Shedding of human thyrotropin receptor ectodomain: involvement of a matrix metalloprotease.","volume":"271","author":"Couet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939409010669","article-title":"Identification of epitopes and affinity purification of thyroid stimulating auto-antibodies using synthetic human TSH receptor peptides.","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939409007983","article-title":"Induction of hyperthyroxinemia in BALB\/C but not in several other strains of mice.","volume":"18","author":"Wagle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1994.1280","article-title":"Induction of autoimmunity by immunization of mice with human thyrotropin receptor.","volume":"158","author":"Marion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.5.7956939","article-title":"Recombinant thyrotropin receptor and the induction of autoimmune thyroid disease in BALB\/c mice: a new animal model.","volume":"135","author":"Costagliola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1332","article-title":"Induction of thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) autoantibodies and thyroiditis in mice immunised with the recombinant TSH-R.","volume":"199","author":"Costagliola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05548.x","article-title":"Unaltered thyroid function in mice responding to a highly immunogenic thyrotropin receptor: implications for the establishment of a mouse model for Graves\u2019 disease.","volume":"99","author":"Carayanniotis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020071611532917600_R288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00627.x","article-title":"Induction of thyroiditis in mice with thyrotropin receptor lacking serologically dominant regions.","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/26\/6\/800\/10334633\/edrv0800.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/26\/6\/800\/10334633\/edrv0800.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T01:41:40Z","timestamp":1683250900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article\/26\/6\/800\/2355169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"references-count":288,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2004-0023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-769X","1945-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-769X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]}}}