{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:45:01Z","timestamp":1788363901499,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":418,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent publications describing the results of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative (WHI) and other studies reporting the impact of hormone therapy on aging women have spurred reexamination of the broad use of estrogens and progestins during the postmenopausal years. Here, we review the complex pharmacology of these hormones, the diverse and sometimes opposite effects that result from the use of different estrogenic and progestinic compounds, given via different delivery routes in different concentrations and treatment sequence, and to women of different ages and health status. We examine our new and growing appreciation of the role of estrogens in the immune system and the inflammatory response, and we pose the concept that estrogen\u2019s interface with this system may be at the core of some of the effects on multiple physiological systems, such as the adipose\/metabolic system, the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system. We compare and contrast clinical and basic science studies as we focus on the actions of estrogens in these systems because the untoward effects of hormone therapy reported in the WHI were not expected. The broad interpretation and publicity of the results of the WHI have resulted in a general condemnation of all hormone replacement in postmenopausal women. In fact, careful review of the extensive literature suggests that data resulting from the WHI and other recent studies should be interpreted within the narrow context of the study design. We argue that these results should encourage us to perform new studies that take advantage of a dialogue between basic scientists and clinician scientists to ensure appropriate design, incorporation of current knowledge, and proper interpretation of results. Only then will we have a better understanding of what hormonal compounds should be used in which populations of women and at what stages of menopausal\/postmenopausal life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,6]],"date-time":"2006-10-06T12:09:59Z","timestamp":1160136599000},"page":"575-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Judith L.","family":"Turgeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (J.L.T.), University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly C.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.C.C.), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline M.","family":"Maki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (P.M.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Mendelsohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, and Division of Cardiology (M.E.M.), New England Medical Center Hospitals and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis M.","family":"Wise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Biology (P.M.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071611532883300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(02)02093-X","article-title":"Estrogen and cognitive aging in women.","volume":"23","author":"Sherwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(01)00167-0","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and stroke: risk, protection or no effect?","volume":"38","author":"Paganini-Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096725","article-title":"Hormone therapy: physiological complexity belies therapeutic simplicity.","volume":"304","author":"Turgeon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn846","article-title":"Oestrogen as a neuroprotective hormone.","volume":"3","author":"Behl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.367","article-title":"Gender differences in acute CNS trauma and stroke: neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone.","volume":"17","author":"Roof","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.003848","article-title":"Protective effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators in the brain.","volume":"67","author":"Dhandapani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(03)00076-6","article-title":"Estrogen and ischemic neuroprotection: an integrated view.","volume":"14","author":"McCullough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.2000.0207","article-title":"Estrogens: trophic and protective factors in the adult brain.","volume":"22","author":"Wise","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0014","article-title":"Are estrogens protective or risk factors in brain injury and neurodegeneration: reevaluation after the Women\u2019s Health Initiative.","volume":"26","author":"Wise","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.7.605","article-title":"Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.","volume":"280","author":"Hulley","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.","volume":"288","author":"Rossouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701","article-title":"Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.","volume":"291","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010534","article-title":"A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke.","volume":"345","author":"Viscoli","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.8.1007","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"283","author":"Mulnard","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.295","article-title":"Estrogen for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in women. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"54","author":"Henderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2035","article-title":"Estrogen to treat Alzheimer\u2019s disease: too little, too late? So what\u2019s a woman to do?","volume":"54","author":"Marder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2061","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: a controlled study.","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.09.080","article-title":"Tools for making correct decisions regarding hormone therapy. Part II. Organ response and clinical applications.","volume":"81","author":"Kopernik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.052","article-title":"Tools for making correct decisions regarding hormone therapy. Part I. Background and drugs.","volume":"81","author":"Shoham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.03.006","article-title":"The molecular determinants of estrogen receptor pharmacology","volume":"48","author":"McDonnell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0023","article-title":"Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators.","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R22","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor requires a conformational change in the ligand binding domain.","volume":"7","author":"Beekman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.16.3.0814","article-title":"Allosteric regulation of estrogen receptor structure, function, and coactivator recruitment by different estrogen response elements.","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310056","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of the oestrogen receptor.","volume":"31","author":"Kong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3999","article-title":"Estrogen receptor (ER) modulators each induce distinct conformational changes in ER \u03b1 and ER \u03b2.","volume":"96","author":"Paige","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81717-1","article-title":"The structural basis of estrogen receptor\/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen.","volume":"95","author":"Shiau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R27","first-page":"291","article-title":"The A and B isoforms of the human progesterone receptor: two functionally different transcription factors encoded by a single gene.","volume":"54","author":"Giangrande","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rec Prog Hormone Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00229-3","article-title":"What pharmacologists can learn from recent advances in estrogen signalling.","volume":"24","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36869","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R100029200","article-title":"The multifaceted mechanisms of estradiol and estrogen receptor signaling.","volume":"276","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0550","article-title":"Evaluation of an estrogen receptor-\u03b2 agonist in animal models of human disease.","volume":"144","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOMG.0000010028.48159.84","article-title":"Expression profiling of human breast cancers and gene regulation by progesterone receptors.","volume":"8","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39261","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R300024200","article-title":"Unfolding the action of progesterone receptors.","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000136521.70093.f1","article-title":"Differential and opposing regulation of PAI-1 promoter activity by estrogen receptor \u03b1 and estrogen receptor \u03b2 in endothelial cells.","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1682","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of estrogen-regulated gene expression via estrogen receptor (ER) \u03b1 or ER\u03b2 in human osteosarcoma cells: distinct and common target genes for these receptors.","volume":"145","author":"Stossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.57.1.295","article-title":"Definition of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the tissue-selective agonist\/antagonist activities of selective estrogen receptor modulators.","volume":"57","author":"McDonnell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rec Prog Hormone Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-06-0360","article-title":"Estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators differentially regulate target genes with estrogen receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2.","volume":"15","author":"Kian Tee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0341","article-title":"Molecular basis for the subtype discrimination of the estrogen receptor-\u03b2-selective ligand, diarylpropionitrile.","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0050","article-title":"Dissecting physiological roles of estrogen receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2 with potent selective ligands from structure-based design.","volume":"18","author":"Hillisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00189","article-title":"Reproductive tissue selective actions of progesterone receptors.","volume":"128","author":"Mulac-Jericevic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5209","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110090200","article-title":"Differential gene regulation by the two progesterone receptor isoforms in human breast cancer cells.","volume":"277","author":"Richer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020477g","article-title":"5-Benzylidene-1,2-dihydrochromeno[3,4-f]quinolines as selective progesterone receptor modulators.","volume":"46","author":"Zhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6912","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208501200","article-title":"Differential SERM effects on corepressor binding dictate ER\u03b1 activity in vivo.","volume":"278","author":"Webb","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068537","article-title":"Molecular determinants for the tissue specificity of SERMs.","volume":"295","author":"Shang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R44","first-page":"25","article-title":"Identification of estrogen receptor ligands leading to activation of non-genomic signaling pathways while exhibiting only weak transcriptional activity.","volume":"98","author":"Wessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480281","article-title":"Non-genomic actions of sex steroid hormones.","volume":"148","author":"Simoncini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120151","article-title":"Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone.","volume":"67","author":"Edwards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.1.47","article-title":"National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence.","volume":"291","author":"Hersh","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(00)00110-9","article-title":"Recent insights into the varying activity of estrogens","volume":"2","author":"Dey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Maturitas 34(Suppl"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2020071611532883300_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130500148875","article-title":"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration","volume":"8","author":"Kuhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00220-6","article-title":"Estrogens and menopause: pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens and their potential role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s.","volume":"85","author":"Bhavnani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.109656","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of different estrogens are not equivalent.","volume":"184","author":"Ansbacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R52","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Estrogen activity and novel tissue selectivity of \u03948,9-dehydroestrone sulfate in postmenopausal women.","volume":"84","author":"Baracat","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2020071611532883300_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.09.015","article-title":"Metabolic and vascular effect of progestins in post-menopausal women","volume":"46","author":"Rosano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Implications for cardioprotection. Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200201000-00003","article-title":"Progestogens in hormonal replacement therapy: new molecules, risks, and benefits.","volume":"9","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2002","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.09.005","article-title":"Not all progestins are the same: implications for usage.","volume":"25","author":"Hapgood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000085560.02979.0C","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and inflammation: interactions in cardiovascular disease.","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0397-324","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm.","volume":"3","author":"Miyagawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R58","first-page":"H2645","article-title":"Ca2+ release mechanism of primate drug-induced coronary vasospasm","volume":"272","author":"Miyagawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1334098100","article-title":"Divergent impact of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on nuclear mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.","volume":"100","author":"Nilsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.21.2.243","article-title":"Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells.","volume":"21","author":"Otsuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0510","article-title":"Differential signal transduction of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in human endothelial cells.","volume":"145","author":"Simoncini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R62","first-page":"4055","article-title":"Dissociative glucocorticoid activity of medroxyprogesterone acetate in normal human lymphocytes.","volume":"84","author":"Bamberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4801.099737","article-title":"Sex steroids used in hormonal treatment increase vascular procoagulant activity by inducing thrombin receptor (PAR-1) expression: role of the glucocorticoid receptor.","volume":"104","author":"Herkert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.03.006","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate downregulates cytokine gene expression in mouse fibroblast cells.","volume":"221","author":"Koubovec","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.07.001","article-title":"Synthetic progestins used in HRT have different glucocorticoid agonist properties.","volume":"242","author":"Koubovec","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.3.0255","article-title":"Distinguishing androgen receptor agonists and antagonists: distinct mechanisms of activation by medroxyprogesterone acetate and dihydrotestosterone.","volume":"13","author":"Kemppainen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(00)00133-5","article-title":"Drospirenone: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of a unique progestogen.","volume":"62","author":"Krattenmacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000159937.05502.d1","article-title":"Angiotensin II and aldosterone regulate gene transcription via functional mineralocorticoid receptors in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells.","volume":"96","author":"Jaffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","article-title":"Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction.","volume":"348","author":"Pitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200524806","article-title":"In hypertension, the kidney is not always the heart of the matter.","volume":"115","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000201443.63240.a7","article-title":"Effects of aldosterone on the vasculature.","volume":"47","author":"Schriffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81846-8","article-title":"New developments in topical estrogen therapy.","volume":"67","author":"Jewelewicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2298","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy: where we stand in Europe.","volume":"22","author":"Rosano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14066-4","article-title":"Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk.","volume":"362","author":"Scarabin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R76","first-page":"2250","article-title":"Both oral and transdermal estrogen increase growth hormone release in postmenopausal women\u2013a clinical research center study.","volume":"81","author":"Friend","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.3.825","article-title":"Supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol in menopausal women given repeated implant therapy do not adversely affect lipid profiles.","volume":"17","author":"Pirwany","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0035","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action.","volume":"25","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270033028","article-title":"Effects of estrogen or estrogen\/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women.","volume":"273","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1202.105945","article-title":"Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen.","volume":"105","author":"Wakatsuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00894.x","article-title":"Impact of progestagens on activated protein C (APC) resistance among users of oral contraceptives.","volume":"2","author":"Alhenc-Gelas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.18.1965","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolic disease associated with hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy: a clinical review.","volume":"164","author":"Gomes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01699-5","article-title":"Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974\u20132000.","volume":"75","author":"Godsland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030311","article-title":"Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life.","volume":"348","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.02.095","article-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Initiative could not have detected cardioprotective effects of starting hormone therapy during the menopausal transition.","volume":"81","author":"Naftolin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704303161801","article-title":"Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women.","volume":"316","author":"Colditz","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0015","article-title":"Impaired endothelial function in young women with premature ovarian failure: Normalization with hormone therapy.","volume":"89","author":"Kalantaridou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(03)00252-4","article-title":"Menopause induced by oophorectomy reveals a role of ovarian estrogen on the maintenance of pressure homeostasis.","volume":"47","author":"Mercuro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00466-7","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function.","volume":"53","author":"Mikkola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7356.113","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"325","author":"Stevenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(96)00242-5","article-title":"The estradiol pharmacophore: ligand structure-estrogen receptor binding affinity relationships and a model for the receptor binding site.","volume":"62","author":"Anstead","year":"1997","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11384","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.17.11384","article-title":"Estrogen receptor ligands modulate its interaction with DNA.","volume":"272","author":"Cheskis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R93","first-page":"740","article-title":"Synthetic estrogen 17\u03b1-ethinyl estradiol induces pattern of uterine gene expression similar to endogenous estrogen 17\u03b2-estradiol.","volume":"290","author":"Hyder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90664-7","article-title":"Comparison of hepatic impact of oral and vaginal administration of ethinyl estradiol.","volume":"151","author":"Goebelsmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03261-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic overview of Ortho Evra\/Evra","volume":"77","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R96","first-page":"77","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral 17 \u03b2-estradiol.","volume":"37","author":"Lobo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0202.102318","article-title":"Female hormones and thrombosis.","volume":"22","author":"Rosendaal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105173442007","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis.","volume":"344","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1285","article-title":"Effect of second- and third-generation oral contraceptives on the protein C system in the absence or presence of the factor VLeiden mutation: a randomized trial.","volume":"103","author":"Kemmeren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000087141.05044.1F","article-title":"Differential effects of oral and transdermal estrogen\/progesterone regimens on sensitivity to activated protein C among postmenopausal women: a randomized trial.","volume":"23","author":"Oger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.03111.x","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and acquired resistance to activated protein C: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"115","author":"Hoibraaten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1958","article-title":"Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis.","volume":"90","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.10.015","article-title":"Crosstalk between inflammation and thrombosis.","volume":"47","author":"Esmon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.10.019","article-title":"Thrombin\/inflammation paradigms: a closer look at arterial and venous thrombosis","volume":"149","author":"Viles-Gonzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.03.011","article-title":"Transdermal estradiol does not impair hemostatic biomarkers in postmenopausal women.","volume":"50","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000074146.36646.C8","article-title":"Effect of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on hemostatic variables associated with venous thrombosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study in postmenopausal women.","volume":"23","author":"Post","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.03.005","article-title":"Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive.","volume":"72","author":"Heuvel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1228704","article-title":"Signaling to NF-\u03baB.","volume":"18","author":"Hayden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-004-0555-y","article-title":"Nuclear factor-\u03baB: its role in health and disease.","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00166-7","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor: an apoptosis juNKie?","volume":"116","author":"Varfolomeev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2005.08.017","article-title":"MAPK signalling pathways as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy\u2013from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic benefits.","volume":"1754","author":"Kaminska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01137","article-title":"A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance.","volume":"420","author":"Hirosumi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1001-907","article-title":"Nitric oxide and the immune response.","volume":"2","author":"Bogdan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immun"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R114","first-page":"469","article-title":"Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation.","volume":"54","author":"Guzik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0829","article-title":"Estrogen up-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and cyclooxygenase-2 in splenocytes activated with T cell stimulants: role of interferon-\u03b3.","volume":"147","author":"Karpuzoglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0456","article-title":"Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause.","volume":"23","author":"Pfeilschifter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1330","article-title":"The endogenous estrogen status regulates microglia reactivity in animal models of neuroinflammation.","volume":"147","author":"Vegeto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.12.016","article-title":"Estrogen and brain inflammation: effects on microglial expression of MHC, costimulatory molecules and cytokines.","volume":"161","author":"Dimayuga","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9614","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1531957100","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1 mediates the brain antiinflammatory activity of estradiol.","volume":"100","author":"Vegeto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000105700.95607.49","article-title":"Estradiol and progestins differentially modulate leukocyte infiltration after vascular injury.","volume":"109","author":"Xing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.9.4971","article-title":"Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-\u03baB and C\/EBP\u03b2.","volume":"15","author":"Stein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.8.2957-2968.2005","article-title":"17\u03b2-estradiol inhibits inflammatory gene expression by controlling NF-\u03baB intracellular localization.","volume":"25","author":"Ghisletti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.01.004","article-title":"Transcription factor cross-talk: the estrogen receptor and NF-\u03baB.","volume":"16","author":"Kalaitzidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405841102","article-title":"Identification of pathway-selective estrogen receptor ligands that inhibit NF-\u03baB transcriptional activity.","volume":"102","author":"Chadwick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0619","article-title":"Estrogen modulates microglial inflammatory mediator production via interactions with estrogen receptor \u03b2.","volume":"145","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200401190-00018","article-title":"17 \u03b2-estradiol regulates nNOS and eNOS activity in the hippocampus.","volume":"15","author":"Grohe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.546812","article-title":"Estradiol-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase association with heat shock protein 90 requires adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase.","volume":"111","author":"Schulz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0395","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.","volume":"89","author":"Kershaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)01081-X","article-title":"Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic.","volume":"116","author":"Flier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0285","article-title":"Minireview: adiposity, inflammation, and atherogenesis.","volume":"144","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2031","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01058.2004","article-title":"Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atherosclerosis","volume":"288","author":"Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0580","article-title":"Minireview: the adipocyte\u2013at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.","volume":"144","author":"Rajala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043430","article-title":"Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease.","volume":"352","author":"Hansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0518","article-title":"Adiponectin: a novel adipokine linking adipocytes and vascular function.","volume":"89","author":"Goldstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1005","article-title":"The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations: distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments.","volume":"51","author":"Cnop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.6.0415","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome.","volume":"21","author":"Wajchenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.21.1843","article-title":"Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women.","volume":"280","author":"Rexrode","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.5.699","article-title":"The metabolically obese, normal-weight individual revisited.","volume":"47","author":"Ruderman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R140","first-page":"1020","article-title":"What are the physical characteristics associated with a normal metabolic profile despite a high level of obesity in postmenopausal women?","volume":"86","author":"Brochu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033179","article-title":"Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease.","volume":"350","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.2951","article-title":"Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process?","volume":"51","author":"Gabriely","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097243","article-title":"Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin.","volume":"307","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106933","article-title":"Medicine. Visfatin: a new adipokine.","volume":"307","author":"Hug","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.06.010","article-title":"Visfatin: the missing link between intra-abdominal obesity and diabetes?","volume":"11","author":"Sethi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0031","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response.","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.09.007","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as a modulator of glucocorticoid action: from metabolism to memory.","volume":"15","author":"Seckl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-4-832","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and insulin promote the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells into fat cells.","volume":"64","author":"Hauner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0117","article-title":"Minireview: hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and redox control of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity.","volume":"146","author":"Hewitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.4.931","article-title":"Novel adipose tissue-mediated resistance to diet-induced visceral obesity in 11 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1-deficient mice.","volume":"53","author":"Morton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/44.6.739","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography.","volume":"44","author":"Enzi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00152.x","article-title":"Direct effects of sex steroid hormones on adipose tissues and obesity.","volume":"5","author":"Mayes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-38265","article-title":"Adipose tissue intracrinology: potential importance of local androgen\/estrogen metabolism in the regulation of adiposity.","volume":"34","author":"Belanger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R154","first-page":"185","article-title":"Aromatase expression in health and disease.","volume":"52","author":"Simpson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rec Prog Hormone Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(96)00187-2","article-title":"11 \u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 activity and gene expression in human adipose stromal cells: effect on aromatase activity.","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031561","article-title":"Ovarian hormone status and abdominal visceral adipose tissue metabolism.","volume":"89","author":"Tchernof","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0020","article-title":"Estrogen\u2014the good, the bad, and the unexpected.","volume":"26","author":"Simpson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030242","article-title":"The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause.","volume":"88","author":"Carr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(90)90012-U","article-title":"Influence of menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins.","volume":"12","author":"Jensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00349-3","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and other lipids after oophorectomy and estrogen replacement therapy.","volume":"88","author":"Bruschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.24931","article-title":"Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: the impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status.","volume":"50","author":"Kanaley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/13697139909038063","article-title":"Weight gain and the menopause: a 5-year prospective study.","volume":"2","author":"Guthrie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R163","first-page":"374","volume-title":"Program of the 85th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society","author":"Carr","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909073211004","article-title":"Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease.","volume":"321","author":"Matthews","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200107000-00004","article-title":"Changes in body mass index around menopause: a population study of Chilean woman.","volume":"8","author":"Blumel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R166","first-page":"213","article-title":"Reproductive history in relation to relative weight and fat distribution.","volume":"20","author":"Bjorkelund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS200068","article-title":"Energy balance and cancer: the role of sex hormones.","volume":"60","author":"Key","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031578","article-title":"Body size and ethnicity are associated with menstrual cycle alterations in women in the early menopausal transition: The Study of Women\u2019s Health across the Nation (SWAN) Daily Hormone Study.","volume":"89","author":"Santoro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929714862","article-title":"Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom).","volume":"12","author":"Verkasalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200512020-00016","article-title":"Adipose aromatase gene expression is greater in older women and is unaffected by postmenopausal estrogen therapy.","volume":"12","author":"Misso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071611532883300_R171","article-title":"Oestrogen and progestogen hormone replacement therapy for peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women: weight and body fat distribution.","author":"Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000107298.29343.6a","article-title":"Combination estrogen-progestin contraceptives and body weight: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"103","author":"Gallo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57419-6","article-title":"Effects of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women.","volume":"63","author":"Reubinoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R174","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on body weight and waist and hip girths. Postmenopausal Estrogen-Progestin Interventions Study Investigators.","volume":"82","author":"Espeland","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-35420","article-title":"Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on abdominal fat compartments as related to glucose and lipid metabolism in early postmenopausal women.","volume":"34","author":"Mattiasson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1448-x","article-title":"Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Hormone Trial.","volume":"47","author":"Margolis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422901107","article-title":"Role of estrogens in adipocyte development and function.","volume":"229","author":"Cooke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35983","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M507339200","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of adiposity and fuel partitioning: Evidence of genomic and non-genomic regulation of lipogenic and oxidative pathways.","volume":"280","author":"D\u2019Eon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1479","article-title":"The effect of hormone replacement therapy on body composition, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"90","author":"Sites","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000141966.69934.21","article-title":"The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity.","volume":"15","author":"Wisse","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue.","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.8.731","article-title":"Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women.","volume":"98","author":"Ridker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200501000-00006","article-title":"Effect of C-reactive protein on vascular cells: evidence for a proinflammatory, proatherogenic role.","volume":"14","author":"Venugopal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.980","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative observational study.","volume":"288","author":"Pradhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000060241.02837.29","article-title":"Better oral reading and short-term memory in midlife, postmenopausal women taking estrogen.","volume":"10","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6355","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study.","volume":"85","author":"Straub","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x","article-title":"Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant.","volume":"265","author":"Uhlar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.011","article-title":"The effects of hormone therapy on the markers of inflammation and endothelial function and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen Progestin Intervention (PEPI) trial.","volume":"185","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-09-0608","article-title":"Baseline associations between postmenopausal hormone therapy and inflammatory, haemostatic, and lipid biomarkers of coronary heart disease. The Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study.","volume":"93","author":"Langer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021929","article-title":"New markers for cardiovascular disease risk in women: impact of endogenous estrogen status and exogenous postmenopausal hormone therapy.","volume":"88","author":"Davison","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R191","first-page":"2043","article-title":"In vitro secretion of cytokines by human bone marrow: effects of age and estrogen status.","volume":"83","author":"Cheleuitte","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00468-9","article-title":"The effect of 17\u03b2-estradiol on production of cytokines in cultures of peripheral blood.","volume":"29","author":"Rogers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R400017-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease?","volume":"46","author":"Chait","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802239","article-title":"Relation of waist circumference and glycemic status to C-reactive protein in the Sandy Lake Oji-Cree.","volume":"27","author":"Connelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000140198.16664.8e","article-title":"Contrasting effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen on serum amyloid A (SAA) and high-density lipoprotein-SAA in postmenopausal women","volume":"24","author":"Abbas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R196","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Controversy of hormone treatment and cardiovascular function: need for strengthened collaborations between preclinical and clinical scientists.","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R197","author":"Biology of perimenopause: impact on health and aging workshop summary report.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(99)00177-0","article-title":"The molecular pharmacology of SERMs.","volume":"10","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-199409000-00018","article-title":"Estrogen and the blood vessel wall.","volume":"9","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.5.8621060","article-title":"The vascular protective effects of estrogen.","volume":"10","author":"Farhat","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906103402306","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: the protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system.","volume":"340","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112062","article-title":"Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences.","volume":"308","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847474","article-title":"The heart: a target organ for estradiol.","volume":"196","author":"Stumpf","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6766222","article-title":"The heart is a target organ for androgen.","volume":"207","author":"McGill Jr","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110513","article-title":"Canine vascular tissues are targets for androgens, estrogens, progestins, and glucocorticoids.","volume":"69","author":"Horwitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R206","first-page":"353","article-title":"Progesterone receptors in the human heart and great vessels.","volume":"59","author":"Ingegno","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.5.1943","article-title":"Human vascular smooth muscle cells contain functional estrogen receptor.","volume":"89","author":"Karas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.4.727","article-title":"Identification of authentic estrogen receptor in cultured endothelial cells. A potential mechanism for steroid hormone regulation of endothelial function.","volume":"94","author":"Venkov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118774","article-title":"Effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol on cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression.","volume":"98","author":"Caulin-Glaser","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.3.759","article-title":"Evidence for progesterone receptors in the human fetoplacental vascular tree.","volume":"62","author":"Cudeville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R211","first-page":"21","article-title":"Aromatase and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the coronary arteries of monkeys and human subjects.","volume":"6","author":"Diano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.4.7895662","article-title":"Estrogen synthesis, estrogen metabolism, and functional estrogen receptors in rat arterial smooth muscle cells in culture.","volume":"136","author":"Bayard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.46.233","article-title":"Aromatase and sex steroid receptors in human vena cava.","volume":"46","author":"Sasano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052703199","article-title":"Testosterone attenuates expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by conversion to estradiol by aromatase in endothelial cells: implications in atherosclerosis.","volume":"99","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.11.8547","article-title":"Minireview: aromatase and the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis\u2014some new perspectives.","volume":"142","author":"Simpson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.84.11.1285","article-title":"Localized expression of aromatase in human vascular tissues.","volume":"84","author":"Harada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000108694.68635.1C","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of normal vascular tone in males.","volume":"93","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.5954","article-title":"Clinical review 110: cardiovascular actions of estrogens in men.","volume":"84","author":"Sudhir","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000103633.57225.BC","article-title":"Endogenous estrogens influence endothelial function in young men.","volume":"93","author":"Lew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9951025","article-title":"Molecular aspects of the ontogeny of the pituitary-gonadal axis.","volume":"7","author":"Huhtaniemi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease.","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00068-1","article-title":"Birth weight and carotid intimal-media thickness: new perspectives from the atherosclerosis risk in young adults (ARYA) study.","volume":"14","author":"Oren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02332","article-title":"Multi-lineage potential of fetal cells in maternal tissue: a legacy in reverse.","volume":"118","author":"Khosrotehrani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.3.359","article-title":"FHL2, a novel tissue-specific coactivator of the androgen receptor.","volume":"19","author":"Muller","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018947.95555.65","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator-3 is required for inhibition of neointima formation by estrogen.","volume":"105","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118307","article-title":"Estrogen inhibits the response-to-injury in a mouse carotid artery model.","volume":"96","author":"Sullivan Jr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000021114.92282.FA","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1 mediates the protective effects of estrogen against vascular injury.","volume":"90","author":"Pare","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.08.019","article-title":"Selective phosphorylations of the SRC-3\/AIB1 coactivator integrate genomic responses to multiple cellular signaling pathways.","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R229","first-page":"4677","article-title":"Estrogen: consequences and implications of human mutations in synthesis and action.","volume":"84","author":"Grumbach","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3949","article-title":"A gender-related defect in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1-deficient mice.","volume":"102","author":"Djouadi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337639100","article-title":"Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 coactivator 1\u03b1 (PGC-1\u03b1) and mitochondrial function by MEF2 and HDAC5.","volume":"100","author":"Czubryt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1102-1243","article-title":"The liver X receptor gene team: potential new players in atherosclerosis.","volume":"8","author":"Repa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.03.003","article-title":"PPARs and LXRs: atherosclerosis goes nuclear.","volume":"15","author":"Barish","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0320879","article-title":"Gene expression profiling identifies liver X receptor \u03b1 as an estrogen-regulated gene in mouse adipose tissue.","volume":"32","author":"Lundholm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R235","first-page":"61","article-title":"The new conundrum: do estrogens have any cardiovascular benefits?","volume":"47","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Womens Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-199609000-00010","article-title":"The pharmacology and effectiveness of specific lipid-active drugs: estrogen\/sex steroids.","volume":"7","author":"LaRosa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mol.0000137231.84772.80","article-title":"Estrogens, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk factors: an update following the randomized placebo-controlled trials of hormone-replacement therapy.","volume":"15","author":"Seed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2002.0282","article-title":"Update on cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women.","volume":"16","author":"Gorodeski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.906","article-title":"Interaction of hemostatic genetics with hormone therapy: new insights to explain arterial thrombosis in postmenopausal women.","volume":"121","author":"Braunstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(03)00519-2","article-title":"Association between factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutations and events of the arterial circulatory system: a meta-analysis of published studies.","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200304000-00005","article-title":"Role of estrogen receptor-\u03b1 in pharmacogenetics of estrogen action.","volume":"14","author":"Herrington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.7.2289","article-title":"Human megakaryocytes and platelets contain the estrogen receptor \u03b2 and androgen receptor (AR): testosterone regulates AR expression.","volume":"95","author":"Khetawat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01074.2003","article-title":"Sex-specific changes in platelet aggregation and secretion with sexual maturity in pigs.","volume":"97","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000110445.95304.91","article-title":"Platelets of female mice are intrinsically more sensitive to agonists than are platelets of males.","volume":"24","author":"Leng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R245","first-page":"64","article-title":"Sex steroid hormone receptors in the cardiovascular system","volume":"No","author":"McGill Jr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Postgrad Med, April, Spec"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14234","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405571101","article-title":"Characterization of the ER\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mouse heart.","volume":"101","author":"Forster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.154R013","article-title":"Expression of oestrogen receptor \u03b2 (ER \u03b2) in multiple rat tissues visualised by immunohistochemistry","volume":"154","author":"Saunders","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(01)00363-1","article-title":"Expression of estrogen receptor sub-types \u03b1 and \u03b2 in acute and chronic cardiac allograft vasculopathy.","volume":"20","author":"Savolainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02675-8","article-title":"Activation of estrogen receptor \u03b2 is a prerequisite for estrogen-dependent upregulation of nitric oxide synthases in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.","volume":"502","author":"Nuedling","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.156r001","article-title":"Expression of oestrogen receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2 in rat heart: role of local oestrogen synthesis","volume":"156","author":"Grohe\u0301","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11765","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201394198","article-title":"Estrogen receptors activate atrial natriuretic peptide in the rat heart.","volume":"98","author":"Jankowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26339","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414409200","article-title":"Estrogen inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro: antagonism of calcineurin-related hypertrophy through induction of MCIP1.","volume":"280","author":"Pedram","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R253","first-page":"549","author":"Shain","year":"1988"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.3.256","article-title":"Androgen receptors mediate hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes.","volume":"98","author":"Marsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0138com","article-title":"Testosterone, cytochrome P450, and cardiac hypertrophy.","volume":"16","author":"Thum","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R256","first-page":"265","article-title":"Gender and cardiac arrhythmias.","volume":"28","author":"Villareal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00950.x","article-title":"Effects of gender on cardiac arrhythmias.","volume":"9","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00429-1","article-title":"Sex, hormones, and repolarization.","volume":"53","author":"Pham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200006000-00016","article-title":"Gender-related heart rate differences in human neonates.","volume":"47","author":"Nagy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.09.012","article-title":"Sex and strain differences in adult mouse cardiac repolarization: importance of androgens.","volume":"65","author":"Brouillette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-005-0071-x","article-title":"Heart failure in women.","volume":"7","author":"Barnard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.03.003","article-title":"Heart failure in women.","volume":"88","author":"Lund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814445","article-title":"Testosterone regulates mRNA levels of calcium regulatory proteins in cardiac myocytes.","volume":"36","author":"Golden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H256","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H256","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex differences in rat cardiac myocyte response to \u03b2-adrenergic stimulation","volume":"282","author":"Vizgirda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/416334a","article-title":"Oestrogen protects FKBP12.6 null mice from cardiac hypertrophy.","volume":"416","author":"Xin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R266","first-page":"279","article-title":"Estrogen actions in the central nervous system.","volume":"20","author":"McEwen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2005.06.001","article-title":"When is a sex difference not a sex difference?","volume":"26","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1347.009","article-title":"Estrogen and the brain: beyond ER-\u03b1, ER-\u03b2, and 17\u03b2-estradiol.","volume":"1052","author":"Toran-Allerand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1383","article-title":"Minireview: role of glia in neuroendocrine function.","volume":"145","author":"Garcia-Segura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.018","article-title":"Glia-neuron crosstalk in the neuroprotective mechanisms of sex steroid hormones.","volume":"48","author":"Garcia-Ovejero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2663","article-title":"Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women.","volume":"289","author":"Rapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2651","article-title":"Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women.","volume":"289","author":"Shumaker","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2673","article-title":"Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women.","volume":"289","author":"Wassertheil-Smoller","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02056-9","article-title":"Amelioration of ischemia- and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury by the selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, in the canine heart.","volume":"40","author":"Ogita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20043","article-title":"Selective estrogen receptor modulators protect hippocampal neurons from kainic acid excitotoxicity: differences with the effect of estradiol.","volume":"61","author":"Ciriza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00002-7","article-title":"Estradiol, but not raloxifene, improves aspects of spatial working memory in aged ovariectomized rhesus monkeys.","volume":"23","author":"Lacreuse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R277","first-page":"211","article-title":"Raloxifene induces neurite outgrowth in estrogen receptor positive PC12 cells.","volume":"2","author":"Nilsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.09.005","article-title":"Impact of the selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, on neuronal survival and outgrowth following toxic insults associated with aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"185","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02104-8","article-title":"Evidence for an estrogen-like action of raloxifene upon the hypothalamic-pituitary unit: raloxifene inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion and stimulates prolactin secretion in ovariectomized female rats.","volume":"311","author":"Pinilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00054-3","article-title":"Effects of oral estrogen, raloxifene and arzoxifene on gene expression in serotonin neurons of macaques.","volume":"27","author":"Bethea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1720441","article-title":"Comparative effects of testosterone proprionate, oestradiol benzoate, ICI 182,780, tamoxifen and raloxifene on hypothalamic differentiation in the female rat.","volume":"172","author":"Pinilla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.12.3041","article-title":"LY353381.HCI, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, and experimental stroke.","volume":"31","author":"Rossberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.683","article-title":"Effect of raloxifene on prevention of dementia and cognitive impairment in older women: the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation (MORE) randomized trial.","volume":"162","author":"Yaffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00048-5","article-title":"Long-term effects of ovarian follicular depletion in rats by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide.","volume":"16","author":"Mayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.07.010","article-title":"Differences between rats and mice in the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced ovarian follicle loss.","volume":"203","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901960313","article-title":"Neurogenesis of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the rat.","volume":"196","author":"Jacobson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1994.1027","article-title":"Androgen enhances neuronal degeneration in the developing preoptic area: apoptosis in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPvN-POA).","volume":"28","author":"Arai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3975621","article-title":"Hormonal control of the anatomical specificity of motoneuron to muscle innervation in rats.","volume":"227","author":"Breedlove","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-06-01613.1986","article-title":"Development and loss of early projections in a sexually dimorphic rat spinal nucleus.","volume":"6","author":"Sengelaub","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-01-00229.1989","article-title":"The role of gonadal hormones in neuromuscular synapse elimination in rats. I. Androgen delays the loss of multiple innervation in the levator ani muscle.","volume":"9","author":"Jordan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-04-01464.1999","article-title":"Gonadal steroids promote glial differentiation and alter neuronal morphology in the developing hypothalamus in a regionally specific manner.","volume":"19","author":"Mong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1999.0177","article-title":"Novel mechanisms of estrogen action in the brain: new players in an old story.","volume":"20","author":"Toran-Allerand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050236","article-title":"Estrogen and the developing mammalian brain.","volume":"199","author":"Beyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)80051-8","article-title":"Effects of estrogen in the CNS.","volume":"9","author":"Woolley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20143","article-title":"Gonadal hormone modulation of dendrites in the mammalian CNS.","volume":"64","author":"Cooke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3440-05.2006","article-title":"Estrogen alters spine number and morphology in prefrontal cortex of aged female rhesus monkeys.","volume":"26","author":"Hao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90778-L","article-title":"Estrogen improves biochemical and neurologic outcome following traumatic brain injury in male rats, but not in females.","volume":"608","author":"Emerson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R298","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Cholinergic and anticholinergic drug effects on survival during hypoxia: significant gender differences.","volume":"264","author":"Saiyed","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.11.2258","article-title":"Competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade reduces brain injury following transient focal ischemia in cats.","volume":"25","author":"Nishikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721552.x","article-title":"Estrogen modulates neuronal Bcl-xL expression and \u03b2-amyloid-induced apoptosis: relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"72","author":"Pike","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199811000-00012","article-title":"Estradiol protects against ischemic injury.","volume":"18","author":"Dubal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.8.1665","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol reduces stroke injury in estrogen-deficient female animals.","volume":"30","author":"Rusa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.5.0724","article-title":"Estrogens may reduce mortality and ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the female rat.","volume":"87","author":"Simpkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.61","article-title":"Sex differences in postischemic neuronal necrosis in gerbils.","volume":"11","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00502-7","article-title":"Effects of gender and estradiol treatment on focal brain ischemia.","volume":"784","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.3.630","article-title":"Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats.","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.1.159","article-title":"Gender-linked brain injury in experimental stroke.","volume":"29","author":"Alkayed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.3.745","article-title":"Estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects when administered after ischemic insult.","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199603000-00004","article-title":"Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology.","volume":"16","author":"Back","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(96)13148-7","article-title":"Estradiol protects against \u03b2-amyloid (25\u201335)-induced toxicity in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells.","volume":"218","author":"Green","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0498-447","article-title":"Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer \u03b2-amyloid peptides.","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3820","article-title":"Estrogen improves performance of reinforced t-maze alternation and prevents the amnestic effects of scopolamine administered systemically or intrahippocampally.","volume":"69","author":"Fader","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01056-1","article-title":"Low concentrations of estradiol reduce \u03b2-amyloid (25\u201335)-induced toxicity, lipid peroxidation and glucose utilization in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells.","volume":"778","author":"Gridley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0722531.x","article-title":"Estrogen hormones reduce lipid peroxidation in cells and tissues of the central nervous system.","volume":"72","author":"Vedder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006948921855","article-title":"Glutamate receptor requirement for neuronal cell death from anoxia-reoxygenation: an in vitro model for assessment of the neuroprotective effects of estrogens.","volume":"19","author":"Zaulyanov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02479-3","article-title":"Estradiol protects against injury-induced cell death in cortical explant cultures: a role for estrogen receptors.","volume":"873","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00437-X","article-title":"Estrogens attenuate neuronal injury due to hemoglobin, chemical hypoxia, and excitatory amino acids in murine cortical cultures.","volume":"764","author":"Regan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02455.1999","article-title":"The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates estrogen neuroprotection after glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons.","volume":"19","author":"Singer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00449-6","article-title":"17-\u03b2-Estradiol protects against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by direct inhibition of NMDA receptors.","volume":"761","author":"Weaver Jr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6385","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06385.1999","article-title":"Estradiol modulates Bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia: a potential role for estrogen receptors.","volume":"19","author":"Dubal","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10487","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10487.2003","article-title":"Estradiol differentially regulates c-Fos after focal cerebral ischemia.","volume":"23","author":"Rau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199808030-00025","article-title":"Modulation of Bcl-2 expression: a potential component of estrogen protection in NT2 neurons.","volume":"9","author":"Singer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-05-01694.2000","article-title":"Estrogen-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the cerebral cortex of estrogen receptor-\u03b1 knock-out mice.","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01000.x","article-title":"Estrogen-mediated neuroprotection against \u03b2-amyloid toxicity requires expression of estrogen receptor \u03b1 or \u03b2 and activation of the MAPK pathway.","volume":"82","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(02)00181-X","article-title":"Estradiol enhances Akt activation in cortical explant cultures following neuronal injury.","volume":"102","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-04-01179.1999","article-title":"Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebral cortical explants: convergence of estrogen and neurotrophin signaling pathways.","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1482","article-title":"Morphological plasticity of dendritic spines in central neurons is mediated by activation of cAMP response element binding protein.","volume":"94","author":"Murphy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.5.8612562","article-title":"Estrogen rapidly induces the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein in rat brain.","volume":"137","author":"Zhou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02549.1992","article-title":"Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat.","volume":"12","author":"Woolley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R330","first-page":"1952","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1, not -\u03b2, is a critical link in estradiol-mediated protection against brain injury.","volume":"98","author":"Dubal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.14.6439","article-title":"Neuronal colocalization of mRNAs for neurotrophins and their receptors in the developing central nervous system suggests a potential for autocrine interactions.","volume":"90","author":"Miranda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11412","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.19.11412","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates estradiol-induced dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons.","volume":"95","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02550.1998","article-title":"Estradiol increases dendritic spine density by reducing GABA neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons.","volume":"18","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04059.1996","article-title":"Regulation of dendritic spine density in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by steroid hormones.","volume":"16","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00142-X","article-title":"Interaction of insulin-like growth factor-I and estradiol signaling pathways on hypothalamic neuronal differentiation.","volume":"74","author":"Duenas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088177","article-title":"Potential neuronal mechanisms of estrogen actions in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity.","volume":"16","author":"Naftolin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.86.137","article-title":"Estrogen and cerebrovascular physiology and pathophysiology.","volume":"86","author":"Pelligrino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Japan J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R338","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of specific estrogens on lipid peroxidation.","volume":"77","author":"Subbiah","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00595-2","article-title":"Nuclear estrogen receptor-independent neuroprotection by estratrienes: a novel interaction with glutathione.","volume":"84","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199911000-00011","article-title":"Neuroprotection by estrogens in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia and in cultured neurons: evidence for a receptor-independent antioxidative mechanism.","volume":"19","author":"Culmsee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.51.4.535","article-title":"Neuroprotection against oxidative stress by estrogens: structure-activity relationship.","volume":"51","author":"Behl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00147-0","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an inflammatory disease?","volume":"21","author":"Fassbender","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R343","first-page":"87","article-title":"Detrimental and beneficial effects of injury-induced inflammation and cytokine expression in the nervous system.","volume":"513","author":"Stoll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/35094583","article-title":"Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration.","volume":"2","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MEBR.0000043966.46964.e6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of stroke: lessons from animal models.","volume":"19","author":"Mergenthaler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10154","article-title":"Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS.","volume":"40","author":"Streit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1694","article-title":"Are there biological bases for a beneficial effect of estrogens in neural diseases?","volume":"40","author":"Maggi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.032802.154945","article-title":"Estrogens in the nervous system: mechanisms and nonreproductive functions.","volume":"66","author":"Maggi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-06-01809.2001","article-title":"Estrogen prevents the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in microglia.","volume":"21","author":"Vegeto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00034-3","article-title":"Inflammation and glial responses in ischemic brain lesions.","volume":"56","author":"Stoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.2.127","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms after ischemia and stroke.","volume":"62","author":"Danton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401853","article-title":"The protective role of endogenous estrogens in carrageenan-induced lung injury in the rat.","volume":"7","author":"Cuzzocrea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.01.008","article-title":"Anatomy of the estrogen response element.","volume":"15","author":"Gruber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0900","article-title":"Mining the complexities of the estrogen signaling pathways for novel therapeutics.","volume":"144","author":"McDonnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00247.x","article-title":"Inflammation and stroke: putative role for cytokines, adhesion molecules and iNOS in brain response to ischemia.","volume":"10","author":"Zoppo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09157.1997","article-title":"Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.","volume":"17","author":"Iadecola","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199906000-00009","article-title":"Age-dependent increase in ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice and in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.","volume":"19","author":"Nagayama","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.47","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia.","volume":"15","author":"Iadecola","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00834-0","article-title":"Effects of aminoguanidine on cerebral ischemia in mice: comparison between mice with and without inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.","volume":"331","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000079815.38626.44","article-title":"Multiple levels of regulation of the interleukin-6 system in stroke.","volume":"34","author":"Acalovschi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90289-5","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemia: kinetics of secretion and relation to the extent of brain damage and outcome of disease.","volume":"122","author":"Fassbender","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-001-8170-y","article-title":"Temporal profile of serum anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory interleukins in acute ischemic stroke patients.","volume":"22","author":"Perini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10161","article-title":"Microglia as a source and target of cytokines.","volume":"40","author":"Hanisch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1183","article-title":"17 \u03b2-Estradiol inhibits cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in the central nervous system of female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.","volume":"65","author":"Matejuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010043483944","article-title":"Estrogen, a double-edged sword: modulation of the TH1- and TH2-mediated inflammations by differential regulation of TH1\/TH2 cytokine production.","volume":"3","author":"Salem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.6.1233","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: a mediator of focal ischemic brain injury.","volume":"28","author":"Barone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-1363","article-title":"The many faces of tumor necrosis factor in stroke.","volume":"8","author":"Hallenbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(99)00008-8","article-title":"Dual role of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in brain injury.","volume":"10","author":"Shohami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03484-4","article-title":"Loss of benefit from estrogen replacement therapy in diabetic ovariectomized female rats subjected to transient forebrain ischemia.","volume":"956","author":"Santizo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02278-8","article-title":"Deleterious effect of \u03b2-estradiol in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia.","volume":"900","author":"Harukuni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00847-1","article-title":"Estrogen alleviates cognitive dysfunction following transient brain ischemia in ovariectomized gerbils.","volume":"238","author":"Kondo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00005","volume":"138","author":"Kanaya","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.24.2947","article-title":"Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women\u2019s Health Initiative Memory Study.","volume":"291","author":"Shumaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00042-5","article-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Initiative recruitment methods and results.","volume":"13","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00038-5","article-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Iniative Memory Study (WHIMS): a trial of the effect of estrogen therapy in preventing and slowing the progression of dementia.","volume":"19","author":"Shumaker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000055813.36504.BF","article-title":"Visual memory predicts Alzheimer\u2019s disease more than a decade before diagnosis.","volume":"60","author":"Kawas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg121","article-title":"Estrogen replacement increases spinopilin-immunoreactive spine number in the prefrontal cortex of female rhesus monkeys.","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.17.2123","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: The Cache County Study.","volume":"288","author":"Zandi","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.1.78","article-title":"Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group and Work Groups. European Studies of Dementia.","volume":"52","author":"Launer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03356-9","article-title":"Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"348","author":"Tang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.17.2170","article-title":"Hormone therapy and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a critical time.","volume":"288","author":"Resnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.024927","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk: interaction with age.","volume":"76","author":"Henderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000059413.75888.BE","article-title":"Estrogen exposures and memory at midlife.","volume":"60","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(88)90060-1","article-title":"Estrogen and\/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women.","volume":"13","author":"Sherwin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R385","first-page":"2545","article-title":"\u201cAdd-back\u201d estrogen reverses cognitive deficits induced by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in women with leiomyomata uteri.","volume":"81","author":"Sherwin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(92)90007-T","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women.","volume":"17","author":"Phillips","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000054764.94658.33","article-title":"Comparison on pueraria lobata with hormone replacement therapy in treating the adverse health consequence of menopause.","volume":"10","author":"Woo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.08.017","article-title":"Estrogen therapy and risk of cognitive decline: results from the Women\u2019s Estrogen for Stroke Trial (WEST).","volume":"192","author":"Viscoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(00)00214-0","article-title":"Effects of hormone replacement therapy on cognitive performance in elderly women.","volume":"38","author":"Binder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01270-6","article-title":"Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cognitive function: the heart and estrogen\/progestin replacement study.","volume":"113","author":"Grady","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2097","article-title":"Effects of combination estrogen plus progestin hormone treatment on cognition and affect.","volume":"91","author":"Resnick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071611532883300_R392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003160","article-title":"Statins for the prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000073981","article-title":"Association between statin use and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"23","author":"Zamrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130500042417","article-title":"KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.","volume":"8","author":"Harman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141215898","article-title":"Different modes of hippocampal plasticity in young and aged female rats.","volume":"98","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10985","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10985.2002","article-title":"Effectiveness of estrogen replacement in restoration of cognitive function after long-term estrogen withdrawal in aging rats.","volume":"22","author":"Markowska","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00213-6","article-title":"The cognitive effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement are modulated by aging.","volume":"119","author":"Savonenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05708.2003","article-title":"Cyclic estrogen replacement improves cognitive function in aged ovariectomized rhesus monkeys.","volume":"23","author":"Rapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104193441604","article-title":"Cognitive function in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene.","volume":"344","author":"Yaffe","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006426132338","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of cognitive function in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen.","volume":"64","author":"Paganini-Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490510905","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen.","volume":"26","author":"Castellon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v31n01_05","article-title":"The relationship of tamoxifen with dementia, depression, and dependence in activities of daily living in elderly nursing home residents.","volume":"31","author":"Breuer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.709","article-title":"Does hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have a detrimental effect on memory and cognition? A pilot study.","volume":"13","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R404","first-page":"238","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled psychometric studies on the effects of a combined estrogen-progestin regimen versus estrogen alone on performance, mood and personality of menopausal syndrome patients.","volume":"51","author":"Linzmayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00356.x","article-title":"Insomnia related to postmenopausal syndrome and hormone replacement therapy: sleep laboratory studies on baseline differences between patients and controls and double-blind, placebo-controlled investigations on the effects of a novel estrogen-progestogen combination (Climodien, Lafamme) versus estrogen alone.","volume":"12","author":"Saletu-Zyhlarz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00009","article-title":"Changes in the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy after the publication of clinical trial results.","volume":"140","author":"Haas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00542-3","article-title":"Differing effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women.","volume":"92","author":"Strandberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615643","article-title":"Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and serum lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women.","volume":"85","author":"Vehkavaara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00156-6","article-title":"Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women.","volume":"41","author":"Vongpatanasin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198606193142505","article-title":"Biological effects of transdermal estradiol.","volume":"314","author":"Chetkowski","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000032261.12632.D7","article-title":"Different effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on size and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women.","volume":"106","author":"Wakatsuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200103000-00009","article-title":"Effects of hormone replacement on hemostasis in spontaneous menopause.","volume":"8","author":"Demirol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200412000-00004","article-title":"Effect of raloxifene on activated protein C (APC) resistance in postmenopausal women and on APC resistance and homocysteine levels in elderly men: two randomized placebo-controlled studies.","volume":"15","author":"Duschek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02410.x","article-title":"Effects of different oral oestrogen formulations on insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone and growth hormone binding protein in post-menopausal women.","volume":"39","author":"Kelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2773","article-title":"The route of estrogen replacement therapy confers divergent effects on substrate oxidation and body composition in postmenopausal women.","volume":"102","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90218-6","article-title":"Comparison of pharmacodynamic properties of various estrogen formulations.","volume":"144","author":"Mashchak","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.22.2687","article-title":"Differential effects of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on endothelial function in postmenopausal women.","volume":"102","author":"Vehkavaara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071611532883300_R418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000157161.78721.5c","article-title":"Estradiol induces discordant angiotensin and blood pressure responses to orthostasis in healthy postmenopausal women.","volume":"45","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/575\/8861939\/edrv0575.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/575\/8861939\/edrv0575.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1594907500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article\/27\/6\/575\/2355166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,9]]},"references-count":418,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2005-0020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-769X","1945-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-769X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,9]]}}}