{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:54:08Z","timestamp":1793141648606,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":527,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,7]],"date-time":"2008-02-07T19:16:28Z","timestamp":1202411788000},"page":"76-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":998,"title":["The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Biondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology (B.B.), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinai Hospital of Baltimore (D.S.C.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019041121435594000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107263450406","article-title":"Clinical practice. Subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"345","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70139-0","article-title":"When to treat mild hypothyroidism","volume":"29","author":"Ayala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2472","article-title":"Approach to the patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"92","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01809","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options","volume":"152","author":"Biondi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1231","article-title":"Consensus Statement #1: Subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a joint statement on management from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and The Endocrine Society","volume":"90","author":"Gharib","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.2.228","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management","volume":"291","author":"Surks","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00015","article-title":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"140","author":"Helfand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7959","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated","volume":"86","author":"McDermott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7961","volume":"86","author":"Chu","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0455","article-title":"The evidence for a narrower thyrotropin reference range is compelling","volume":"90","author":"Wartofsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0170","article-title":"The thyrotropin reference range should remain unchanged","volume":"90","author":"Surks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8165","article-title":"Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease","volume":"87","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321086962","article-title":"Guidelines Committee, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease","volume":"13","author":"Baloch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09602-2","article-title":"Whose normal thyroid function is better\u2013yours or mine?","volume":"360","author":"Dayan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02136","article-title":"Is there a need to redefine the upper normal limit of TSH?","volume":"154","author":"Brabant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.251","article-title":"The value of ultrasonography in predicting autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"10","author":"Pedersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02255","article-title":"The association between hypoechogenicity or irregular echo pattern at thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function in the general population","volume":"155","author":"Vejbjerg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.047399","article-title":"New reference intervals for thyrotropin and thyroid hormones based on National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry criteria and regular ultrasonography of the thyroid","volume":"51","author":"Kratzsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R20","author":"Lee","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430639","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large, unselected population. The Health Study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT)","volume":"143","author":"Bjoro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.279","article-title":"Reference intervals of serum thyroid function tests in a previously iodine-deficient area","volume":"15","author":"Volzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R23","first-page":"561","article-title":"The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey","volume":"84","author":"Aghini-Lombardi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x","article-title":"The incidence of thyroid disease in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey","volume":"43","author":"Vanderpump","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380141","article-title":"High serum cholesterol levels in persons with \u2018high-normal\u2019 TSH levels: should one extend the definition of subclinical hypothyroidism?","volume":"138","author":"Michalopoulou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01652.x","article-title":"Serum lipid levels in relation to serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and the effect of thyroxine treatment on serum lipid levels in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Tromso Study","volume":"260","author":"Iqbal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02333","article-title":"The association between TSH within the reference range and serum lipid concentrations in a population-based study. The HUNT Study","volume":"156","author":"Asvold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032143","article-title":"Thyroid function and blood pressure homeostasis in euthyroid subjects","volume":"89","author":"Gumieniak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2019041121435594000_R29","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Elevated blood pressure is associated with small differences in TSH in a general population","volume":"15","author":"Knudsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002091","article-title":"Blood pressure in relation to serum thyrotropin: the Tromso study","volume":"20","author":"Iqbal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02619.x","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and blood pressure: a community-based study","volume":"65","author":"Walsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2208","article-title":"Association between blood pressure and serum TSH concentration within the reference range: a population-based study","volume":"92","author":"Asvold","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.411","article-title":"Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is impaired in subjects with hypothyroidism, borderline hypothyroidism, and high-normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) values","volume":"7","author":"Lekakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2225","article-title":"Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population","volume":"90","author":"Knudsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02247.x","article-title":"Relationship of thyroid function with body mass index, leptin, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in euthyroid obese women","volume":"62","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803112","article-title":"Serum TSH is positively associated with BMI","volume":"30","author":"Nyrnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02433.x","article-title":"Lack of association between serum TSH or free T4 and body mass index in euthyroid subjects","volume":"64","author":"Manji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.21.2467","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"165","author":"Walsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0375","article-title":"Spontaneous normalization of thyrotropin concentrations in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"90","author":"Diez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.4.526","article-title":"The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study","volume":"160","author":"Canaris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.24.3195-b","article-title":"Effects of reducing the upper limit of normal TSH values","volume":"290","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-3-588","article-title":"Hereditary and environmental influences on the variation of thyroid hormones in normal male twins","volume":"66","author":"Meikle","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031641","article-title":"Major genetic influence on the regulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis: a study of healthy Danish twins","volume":"89","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0373","article-title":"Aggregation of high-normal thyroid-stimulating hormone in hypertensive families","volume":"90","author":"Gumieniak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0455","article-title":"Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases","volume":"23","author":"Bianco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021592","article-title":"Polymorphisms in thyroid hormone pathway genes are associated with plasma TSH and iodothyronine levels in healthy subjects","volume":"88","author":"Peeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1300","article-title":"Atypical expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in thyrotrophs explains the thyroxine-mediated pituitary TSH feedback mechanism","volume":"147","author":"Christoffolete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15696-1","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"363","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R49","first-page":"1070","author":"Ross","year":"2005","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89462-4","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease","volume":"100","author":"Surks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R51","first-page":"745","author":"Singer","year":"2005","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108293250902","article-title":"Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"325","author":"Hancock","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/00365519850186670","article-title":"Thyroid function in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen","volume":"58","author":"Anker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BREA.0000010708.99455.e1","article-title":"Fatigue, weight gain, lethargy and amenorrhea in breast cancer patients on chemotherapy: is subclinical hypothyroidism the culprit?","volume":"83","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.11.028","article-title":"Amiodarone and the thyroid","volume":"118","author":"Basaria","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.090","article-title":"Differences in hypothyroidism between lithium-free and -treated patients with bipolar disorders","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.909","article-title":"The effects of lithium therapy on thyroid and thyrotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"8","author":"Lazarus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n0409","article-title":"Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment","volume":"60","author":"Kleiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0627","article-title":"Clinical review 169: Interferon-\u03b1-related thyroid disease: pathophysiological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects","volume":"89","author":"Carella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2326","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of 106 multiple sclerosis patients undergoing interferon-\u03b2 1a or 1b therapy: predictive factors of thyroid disease development and duration","volume":"90","author":"Caraccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-9-200611070-00008","article-title":"Hypothyroidism after sunitinib treatment for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors","volume":"145","author":"Desai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0466","article-title":"Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes: autoantibodies, autoantigens, and their applicability in diagnosis and disease prediction","volume":"23","author":"Betterle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:27:3:279","article-title":"Follow up of patients with postpartum thyroiditis: a population-based study","volume":"27","author":"Sarvghadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480245","article-title":"A prospective study of thyroid function, morphology and autoimmunity in young patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"148","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300030019013","article-title":"The aging thyroid. Increased prevalence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels in the elderly","volume":"242","author":"Sawin","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7791","article-title":"Thyroid resistance to TSH complicated by autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"86","author":"Tonacchera","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8536","article-title":"Germline mutations of TSH receptor gene as cause of nonautoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"87","author":"Alberti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1243","article-title":"Low prevalence of thyrotropin receptor mutations in a large series of subjects with sporadic and familial nonautoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Tonacchera","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1040183","article-title":"Influence of dopaminergic inhibition on serum levels of thyrotrophin and prolactin in patients with hypothyroidism before and after prolonged oral administration of TRH","volume":"104","author":"Frey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8367","article-title":"Relationship between psychotropic drugs and thyroid function: a review","volume":"149","author":"Sauvage","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-4-717","article-title":"Relationship between thyrotropin and thyroxine changes during recovery from severe hypothyroxinemia of critical illness","volume":"62","author":"Hamblin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.279","article-title":"Persistent problems with the specificity of immunometric TSH assays","volume":"3","author":"Laurberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb02230.x","article-title":"Acute changes in serum thyrotrophin in treated Addison\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Ismail","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-6-989","article-title":"Thyrotropin secretion in patients with central hypothyroidism: evidence for reduced biological activity of immunoreactive thyrotropin","volume":"48","author":"Faglia","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x","article-title":"The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey","volume":"7","author":"Tunbridge","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb01739.x","article-title":"Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom","volume":"34","author":"Parle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01593.x","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in a biethnic, urban community","volume":"47","author":"Lindeman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R78","first-page":"577","article-title":"Thyroid disease in the elderly. Part 1. Prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism","volume":"38","author":"Bemben","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390160053012","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in adults over age 55 years. A study in an urban US community","volume":"150","author":"Bagchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2271040.x","article-title":"Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long-term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake","volume":"47","author":"Szabolcs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.3.4624","article-title":"Iodine intake and the pattern of thyroid disorders: a comparative epidemiological study of thyroid abnormalities in the elderly in Iceland and in Jutland, Denmark","volume":"83","author":"Laurberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.33","article-title":"Low incidence rate of overt hypothyroidism compared with hyperthyroidism in an area with moderately low iodine intake","volume":"9","author":"Laurberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020750","article-title":"Large differences in incidences of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism associated with a small difference in iodine intake: a prospective comparative register-based population survey","volume":"87","author":"Bulow Pedersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054022","article-title":"Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China","volume":"354","author":"Teng","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1060199","article-title":"The prevalence and progression of autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly","volume":"106","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360080056006","article-title":"The aging thyroid. Thyroid deficiency in the Framingham Study","volume":"145","author":"Sawin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90056-7","article-title":"The aging thyroid. Relationship between elevated serum thyrotropin level and thyroid antibodies in elderly patients","volume":"79","author":"Sawin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02366.x","article-title":"The importance of thyroid microsomal antibodies in the development of elevated serum TSH in middle-aged women: associations with serum lipids","volume":"39","author":"Geul","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400020051029","article-title":"Thyroid failure in the elderly. Microsomal antibodies as discriminant for therapy","volume":"258","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8678","article-title":"Prospective study of the spontaneous course of subclinical hypothyroidism: prognostic value of thyrotropin, thyroid reserve, and thyroid antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Huber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032061","article-title":"Spontaneous subclinical hypothyroidism in patients older than 55 years: an analysis of natural course and risk factors for the development of overt thyroid failure","volume":"89","author":"Diez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.21.2591","article-title":"Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age","volume":"292","author":"Gussekloo","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R93","first-page":"197","article-title":"Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"79","author":"Glinoer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170280063012","article-title":"Natural course of \u2018subclinical\u2019 hypothyroidism in childhood and adolescence","volume":"150","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R95","first-page":"363","article-title":"Natural history of thyroid abnormalities: prevalence, incidence, and regression of thyroid diseases in adolescents and young adults","volume":"91","author":"Rallison","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med [Erratum (1992) 92:582]"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202203260810","article-title":"Vanishing hypothyroidism","volume":"326","author":"Utiger","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7318.891","article-title":"Thyroxine treatment in patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism but thyroid function tests within the reference range: randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial","volume":"323","author":"Pollock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000015315.35184.66","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with thyroid disorders","volume":"13","author":"Bianchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00586.x","article-title":"Mental and physical complaints in thyroid disorders in the general population","volume":"112","author":"Grabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R100","first-page":"4","article-title":"The link between thyroid autoimmunity (antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies) with anxiety and mood disorders in the community: a field of interest for public health in the future","volume":"18","author":"Carta","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R101","first-page":"3194","article-title":"Are autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and depression related?","volume":"83","author":"Pop","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.7.840","article-title":"Antithyroid antibodies in depressed patients","volume":"142","author":"Nemeroff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R103","first-page":"255","article-title":"Statistical methods applied to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism","volume":"38","author":"Billewicz","year":"1969","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599546","article-title":"Clinical scoring system for hypothyroidism: is it useful?","volume":"4","author":"Seshadri","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1997.07109.x","article-title":"Do traditional symptoms of hypothyroidism correlate with biochemical disease?","volume":"12","author":"Canaris","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R106","first-page":"771","article-title":"Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls","volume":"82","author":"Zulewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R107","first-page":"583","article-title":"Thyroid disease in the elderly. Part 2. Predictability of subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"38","author":"Bemben","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02771.x","article-title":"Well-being, health-related quality of life and cardiovascular disease risk profile in women with subclinical thyroid disease\u2014a community-based study","volume":"66","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-1-18","article-title":"Thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Cooper","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01022-7","article-title":"A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"112","author":"Kong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(97)00089-4","article-title":"Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Baldini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01250.x","article-title":"An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function\u2014a clinical fact or an artefact?","volume":"106","author":"Engum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R113","first-page":"367","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment","volume":"71","author":"Monzani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Investig"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.51.311","article-title":"Assessment of anxiety in subclinical thyroid disorders","volume":"51","author":"Sait Gonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1775","article-title":"Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jorde","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00586.x","article-title":"Mental and physical complaints in thyroid disorders in the general population","volume":"112","author":"Grabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00006","article-title":"Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction?","volume":"145","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl215","article-title":"fMRI revealed neural substrate for reversible working memory dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"129","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.803","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease in the elderly","volume":"8","author":"Samuels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R120","first-page":"255","article-title":"Statistical methods applied to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism","volume":"38","author":"Billewicz","year":"1969","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102153440707","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system","volume":"344","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.59.1.31","volume":"59","author":"Fazio","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:24:1:001","article-title":"Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Biondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.13.1481","article-title":"Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology","volume":"100","author":"Grundy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-6-3-432","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and atherosclerotic heart disease: pathogenesis, medical management, and the role of coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"6","author":"Becker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030398","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and atherosclerosis","volume":"88","author":"Cappola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-11-200212030-00011","article-title":"Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart","volume":"137","author":"Biondi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760143890","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac function","volume":"12","author":"Biondi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.6.5733","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"84","author":"Biondi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00322-9","article-title":"Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism, and its response to L-thyroxine therapy","volume":"91","author":"Brenta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2000.106397","article-title":"Ultrasonic myocardial textural analysis in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"13","author":"Di Bello","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-011764","article-title":"Left ventricular myocardial impairment in subclinical hypothyroidism assessed by a new ultrasound tool: pulsed tissue Doppler","volume":"87","author":"Vitale","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7291","article-title":"Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"86","author":"Monzani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.05.015","article-title":"Effects of thyroxin therapy on cardiac function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: index of myocardial performance in the evaluation of left ventricular function","volume":"95","author":"Yazici","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02174","article-title":"Early textural and functional alterations of left ventricular myocardium in mild hypothyroidism","volume":"155","author":"Aghini-Lombardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0033","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action in the heart","volume":"26","author":"Kahaly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00750-X","article-title":"Changes in cardiac function at rest before and after treatment in primary hypothyroidism","volume":"85","author":"Tielens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R138","first-page":"257","article-title":"Usefulness of pulsed tissue Doppler for the assessment of left ventricular myocardial function in overt hypothyroidism","volume":"5","author":"Galderisi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ital Heart"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000047390","article-title":"Thyroid hormone substitution therapy rapidly enhances left-ventricular diastolic function in hypothyroid patients","volume":"96","author":"Virtanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1202.105290","article-title":"New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. Part II: causal mechanisms and treatment","volume":"105","author":"Zile","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-005-0074-7","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: mechanisms and epidemiology","volume":"7","author":"Deswal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1978.03630350014007","article-title":"Myocardial function in hypothyroidism: relation to disease severity and response to treatment","volume":"138","author":"Bough","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R143","first-page":"337","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and the heart. Examination of left ventricular function in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"44","author":"Foldes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Med Hung"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-3-633","article-title":"Concurrent aortic and mitral valve echocardiography permits measurement of systolic time intervals as an index of peripheral tissue thyroid function status","volume":"69","author":"Tseng","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90782-7","article-title":"Spectrum of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism: effect on thyrotropin, prolactin, and thyroid reserve, and metabolic impact on peripheral target tissues","volume":"92","author":"Staub","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197701062960101","article-title":"Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac function in hypothyroidism: response to gradual thyroxine replacement","volume":"296","author":"Crowley Jr","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250050137743","article-title":"Cardiovascular and atherogenic aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"10","author":"Kahaly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01907","article-title":"Health status in patients with sub-clinical hypothyroidism","volume":"152","author":"Razvi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.10.044","article-title":"Does subclinical hypothyroidism affect cardiac pump performance? Evidence from a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"45","author":"Ripoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80001-1","article-title":"Color Doppler myocardial imaging: a new technique for the assessment of myocardial function","volume":"7","author":"Sutherland","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R151","first-page":"513","author":"Danzi","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.88.3.260","article-title":"Thyroid hormone. Targeting the vascular smooth muscle cell","volume":"88","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R153","author":"Klein","year":"1989"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.505","article-title":"Acute effects of thyroid hormone on vascular smooth muscle","volume":"6","author":"Ojamaa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760043512","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Luboshitzky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1342","article-title":"Increased pulse wave velocity in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"91","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250252949450","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes after levothyroxine treatment in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Faber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.555235","article-title":"Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"113","author":"Mattace-Raso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.5.1236","article-title":"Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients","volume":"37","author":"Laurent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020493","article-title":"Increased arterial central stiffness in hypothyroidism","volume":"87","author":"Obuobie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.05.068","article-title":"Arterial stiffness is increased in subjects with hypothyroidism","volume":"103","author":"Dagre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2108","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism, arterial stiffness and myocardial reserve","volume":"9","author":"Owen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715022-00010","article-title":"Non-invasive evaluation of arterial abnormalities in hypertensive patients","volume":"15","author":"Asmar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hypertens Suppl"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000033824.02722.F7","article-title":"Aortic pulse-wave velocity and its relationship to mortality in diabetes and glucose intolerance: an integrated index of vascular function?","volume":"106","author":"Cruickshank","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02730.x","article-title":"Central pulse wave velocity is responsible for increased brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"66","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030039","article-title":"Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in subclinical hypothyroidism: beneficial effect of levothyroxine therapy","volume":"88","author":"Taddei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5076","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1075","article-title":"Low-grade systemic inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"91","author":"Taddei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031669","article-title":"Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo- controlled study","volume":"89","author":"Monzani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01893.x","article-title":"Decrease in carotid intima-media thickness in hypothyroid patients after normalization of thyroid function","volume":"59","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.08.017","article-title":"Coronary flow reserve is also impaired in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"120","author":"Oflaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250252949405","article-title":"Thyroid disease and lipids","volume":"12","author":"Duntas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00116-8","article-title":"Thyroid function and serum lipids in older women: a population-based study","volume":"104","author":"Bauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00187-0","article-title":"Prevalence and relevance of thyroid dysfunction in 1922 cholesterol screening participants","volume":"53","author":"Pirich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01341.x","article-title":"Lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease in the Whickham area with particular reference to thyroid failure","volume":"7","author":"Tunbridge","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1040050","article-title":"Relations between thyroid function, hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities, and plasma lipoprotein concentrations","volume":"104","author":"Valdemarsson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03651.x","article-title":"LDL\/HDL-changes in subclinical hypothyroidism: possible risk factors for coronary heart disease","volume":"28","author":"Althaus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502320908349","article-title":"Circulating levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in overt and mild hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Duntas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329002700204","article-title":"The relationship between serum cholesterol and serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine concentrations in suspected hypothyroidism","volume":"27","author":"Elder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02351.x","article-title":"Circulating lipids and minor abnormalities of thyroid function","volume":"37","author":"Parle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1280202","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperlipoproteinaemia: indiscriminate L-thyroxine treatment not justified","volume":"128","author":"Bogner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.33.413","article-title":"Disturbed lipid metabolism in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: effect of L-thyroxine therapy","volume":"33","author":"Miura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02616.x","article-title":"Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"43","author":"Kung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510123331503","article-title":"Impaired action of thyroid hormone associated with smoking in women with hypothyroidism","volume":"333","author":"Mu\u0308ller","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.43.731","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) concentration in subclinical hypothyroidism before and after levo-thyroxine therapy","volume":"43","author":"Yildirimkaya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.803","article-title":"Changes in lipoprotein(a) levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism before and during treatment","volume":"10","author":"Tzotzas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.981","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"10","author":"Vierhapper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2001.00777.x","article-title":"Haemostatic profile in hypothyroidism as potential risk factor for vascular or thrombotic disease","volume":"31","author":"Mu\u0308ller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450705","article-title":"Lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: is L-thyroxine substitution beneficial?","volume":"145","author":"Efstathiadou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8378","article-title":"Lipoprotein profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: response to levothyroxine replacement, a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"87","author":"Caraccio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00372-6","article-title":"Elevated C-reactive protein and homocysteine values: cardiovascular risk factors in hypothyroidism? A cross-sectional and a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"166","author":"Christ-Crain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R191","first-page":"1206","article-title":"The relationship between thyrotropin and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is modified by insulin sensitivity in healthy euthyroid subjects","volume":"86","author":"Bakker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.79","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of hypercholesterolemia","volume":"2","author":"Hueston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00004","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"132","author":"Hak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031089","article-title":"Risk for ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Imaizumi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02399.x","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and serum lipids: a community-based study","volume":"63","author":"Walsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02088.x","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with a low-grade inflammation, increased triglyceride levels and predicts cardiovascular disease in males below 50 years","volume":"61","author":"Kvetny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.7.773","article-title":"Association between thyroid dysfunction and total cholesterol level in an older biracial population: the health, aging and body composition study","volume":"162","author":"Kanaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00638.x","article-title":"The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism at different total plasma cholesterol levels in middle aged men and women: a need for case-finding?","volume":"50","author":"Bindels","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2165\/00024677-200403040-00005","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular risk: a reason to treat?","volume":"3","author":"Palmieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Treat Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055373","article-title":"Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000105767.94169.E3","article-title":"Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and the risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"109","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241701","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia; an independent risk factor for vascular disease","volume":"324","author":"Clarke","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.4.1102","article-title":"Prospective study of hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"96","author":"Folsom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.10.1082","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"102","author":"Danesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.18.2063","article-title":"High attributable risk of elevated C-reactive protein level to conventional coronary heart disease risk factors: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"165","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.365","article-title":"The incidence of thyroid function abnormalities in patients attending an outpatient lipid clinic","volume":"9","author":"Tsimihodimos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322238863","article-title":"Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on serum total homocysteine concentrations, the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), and CHD risk factors in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey","volume":"13","author":"Lindeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2644","article-title":"Altered platelet plug formation in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"92","author":"Homoncik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7221","article-title":"Components of the fibrinolytic system are differently altered in moderate and severe hypothyroidism","volume":"86","author":"Chadarevian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90203-1","article-title":"Alteration of platelet aggregation in patients with thyroid disorders","volume":"46","author":"Masunaga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2001.00777.x","article-title":"Haemostatic profile in hypothyroidism as potential risk factor for vascular or thrombotic disease","volume":"31","author":"Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322511382","article-title":"Hemostatic system as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"13","author":"Canturk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01857","article-title":"Effects of levothyroxine treatment on biochemical and hemostasis parameters in patients with hypothyroidism","volume":"152","author":"Gullu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.52.363","article-title":"Global fibrinolytic capacity in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"52","author":"Guldiken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-10-0655","article-title":"Haemostatic function in subjects with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. The Tromso study","volume":"95","author":"Jorde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.52.89","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with elevated high-sensitive c-reactive protein (low grade inflammation) and fasting hyperinsulinemia","volume":"52","author":"Tuzcu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R217","first-page":"262","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"25","author":"Luboshitzky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2004.08.003","article-title":"Plasma CRP, apolipoprotein A-1, apolipoprotein B and Lpa levels according to thyroid function status","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02388.x","article-title":"Serum biomarkers for cardiovascular inflammation in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"63","author":"Hueston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02326.x","article-title":"The effects of thyroxine replacement on the levels of serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and other biochemical cardiovascular risk markers in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"63","author":"Ozcan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.05.016","article-title":"Emerging cardiovascular risk factors in subclinical hypothyroidism: lack of change after restoration of euthyroidism","volume":"53","author":"Perez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.46.2.202","article-title":"Borderline low thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity. Risk factors for coronary heart disease?","volume":"46","author":"Tieche","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6481.1555","article-title":"Exaggerated responsiveness to thyrotrophin releasing hormone: a risk factor in women with coronary artery disease","volume":"290","author":"Dean","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.10.M658","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with in older persons","volume":"57","author":"Mya","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90534-X","article-title":"Symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis in coronary heart-disease","volume":"8","author":"Heinonen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800741220","article-title":"Raised serum thyrotrophin in women with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"74","author":"Powell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R227","first-page":"155","article-title":"The development of ischemic heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up study of an English community","volume":"6","author":"Vanderpump","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502761016458","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Vanderpump","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06067-6","article-title":"Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Parle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.9.1033","article-title":"Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults","volume":"295","author":"Cappola","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.21.2460","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of heart failure, other cardiovascular events, and death","volume":"165","author":"Rodondi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-199612000-00002","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with moderate-to-severe congestive heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Manowitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000177323","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disorders in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"88","author":"Fruhwald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07","article-title":"Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"Squizzato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.4.637","volume":"21","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02606.x","article-title":"Hypothyroidism as a protective factor in acute stroke patients","volume":"65","author":"Alevizaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R237","first-page":"836","author":"Silva","year":"2005","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0179","article-title":"Review: The association of thyroid dysfunction with all-cause and circulatory mortality: is there a causal relationship?","volume":"92","author":"Vo\u0308lzke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(77)90005-1","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism in hypothyroid myopathy","volume":"26","author":"McDaniel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01474.x","article-title":"Cellular energetics in hypothyroid muscle","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.6.2237","article-title":"Novel transitions in MHC isoforms: separate and combined effects of thyroid hormone and mechanical unloading","volume":"85","author":"Caiozzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R242","first-page":"124","article-title":"Energetic metabolism in hypothyroid skeletal muscle, as studied by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"74","author":"Kaminsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113508","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormones on skeletal muscle bioenergetics. In vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of humans and rats","volume":"81","author":"Argov","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.583","article-title":"Stapedial reflex: a biological index found to be abnormal in clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"8","author":"Goulis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1995.5.283","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"5","author":"Misiunas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1995.5.201","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism does not lead to alterations either in peripheral nerves or in brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs)","volume":"5","author":"Ozata","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.1029","article-title":"Serum creatine kinase levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"8","author":"Beyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800500371706","article-title":"Serum creatine kinase levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"31","author":"Hekimsoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb00250.x","article-title":"A double-blind cross-over 12-month study of L-thyroxine treatment of women with \u2018subclinical\u2019 hypothyroidism","volume":"29","author":"Nystrom","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.10.4296","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical features of muscle dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"82","author":"Monzani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2344","article-title":"Muscle metabolism and exercise tolerance in subclinical hypothyroidism: a controlled trial of levothyroxine","volume":"90","author":"Caraccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03528.x","article-title":"Influence of thyroxine treatment on thyroid size and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"35","author":"Hegedus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R253","first-page":"183","article-title":"Effect of L-thyroxine administration on antithyroid antibody levels, lipid profile, and thyroid volume in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"6","author":"Romaldini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2400","article-title":"Levothyroxine treatment reduces thyroid size in children and adolescents with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"91","author":"Svensson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-3-661","article-title":"Antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in thyroid diseases","volume":"71","author":"Mariotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92567-2","article-title":"Test for recovery from hypothyroidism during thyroxine therapy in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"336","author":"Takasu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430130086009","article-title":"Outcome of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"155","author":"Comtois","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310131","article-title":"Primary hypothyroidism manifested in childhood with special reference to various types of reversible hypothyroidism","volume":"131","author":"Okamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02598988","article-title":"Does treatment with L-thyroxine influence health status in middle-aged and older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism?","volume":"11","author":"Jaeschke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7973","article-title":"TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial (Basel Thyroid Study)","volume":"86","author":"Meier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1869","article-title":"The beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism: randomized, crossover trial","volume":"92","author":"Razvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-53-6-1238","article-title":"Peripheral responses to thyroid hormone before and after L-thyroxine therapy in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"53","author":"Ridgway","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01068.x","article-title":"End-organ responses to thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"22","author":"Bell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R264","first-page":"857","article-title":"Left ventricular performance in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"57","author":"Forfar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.397","article-title":"Cardiac systolic and diastolic function at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism: effect of thyroid hormone therapy","volume":"6","author":"Arem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R266","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tissue Doppler echocardiography in evaluation of cardiac effects of subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Arinc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.739560.x","article-title":"Effect of thyroid substitution on hypercholesterolaemia in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a reanalysis of intervention studies","volume":"44","author":"Tanis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R268","first-page":"2993","article-title":"Clinical review 115: effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild thyroid failure: a quantitative review of the literature","volume":"85","author":"Danese","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901073400103","article-title":"Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group","volume":"340","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410050061031","article-title":"Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study","volume":"260","author":"Manninen","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1605","article-title":"Effect of levo-thyroxine replacement on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypothyroid patients","volume":"92","author":"Ito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90075-6","article-title":"Effect of L-thyroxine therapy on lipoprotein fractions in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, with special reference to lipoprotein(a)","volume":"44","author":"Arem","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.455","article-title":"Thyroid substitution therapy induces high-density lipoprotein-associated platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a potential antiatherogenic effect","volume":"15","author":"Milionis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.529","article-title":"Effect of thyroid hormone replacement on methionine-stimulated homocysteine levels in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Meek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K06-062","volume":"54","author":"Akinci","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/jms.7.3.127","article-title":"Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening","volume":"7","author":"Allan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03494.x","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women","volume":"35","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R278","first-page":"1","article-title":"The thyroid in pregnancy: a European perspective","volume":"18","author":"Glinoer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid Today"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000197991.64246.9a","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.54","article-title":"Thyroid function inside and outside of pregnancy: what do we know and what don\u2019t we know?","volume":"15","author":"Smallridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02098","article-title":"Is systematic screening for thyroid disorders indicated in subfertile men?","volume":"154","author":"Poppe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg012","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism before and during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Poppe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500751","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage","volume":"150","author":"Prummel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000228778.95752.66","article-title":"Overt and \u2018subclinical\u2019 hypothyroidism in women","volume":"61","author":"Wartofsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/105072504323024552","article-title":"The interrelationships between thyroid dysfunction and hypogonadism in men and boys","volume":"1","author":"Meikle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.3.0300","article-title":"The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology","volume":"18","author":"Glinoer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.60","article-title":"Is thyroid inadequacy during gestation a risk factor for adverse pregnancy and developmental outcomes?","volume":"15","author":"La Franchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R288","first-page":"349","article-title":"Perinatal outcome in hypothyroid pregnancies","volume":"81","author":"Leung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R289","first-page":"197","article-title":"Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"79","author":"Glinoer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1603","article-title":"Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications","volume":"91","author":"Negro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502753451986","article-title":"Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Abalovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007123230204","article-title":"Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism","volume":"323","author":"Mandel","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040079","article-title":"Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism","volume":"351","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.151u025","article-title":"Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development","volume":"3","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000180681","article-title":"Fetal and maternal thyroid hormones","volume":"26","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R296","first-page":"3975","article-title":"Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia?","volume":"85","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R297","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Detection of thyroid hormones in human embryonic cavities during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"77","author":"Contempre","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210103","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis","volume":"321","author":"Vulsma","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(69)90644-9","article-title":"Thyroid function in human pregnancy. V. Incidence of maternal serum low butanol-extractable iodines and of normal gestational TBG and TBPA capacities; retardation of 8-month-old infants","volume":"104","author":"Man","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410801","article-title":"Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child","volume":"341","author":"Haddow","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/jms.8.1.18","article-title":"Relation of severity of maternal hypothyroidism to cognitive development of offspring","volume":"8","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00639.x","article-title":"Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy","volume":"50","author":"Pop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01822.x","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"59","author":"Pop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.77","article-title":"American Thyroid Association Statement on Early Maternal Thyroidal Insufficiency: recognition, clinical management and research directions","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1748","article-title":"Detection of thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy: universal screening or targeted high-risk case finding?","volume":"92","author":"Vaidya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-16-6-686","article-title":"The aging thyroid","volume":"16","author":"Mariotti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06177.x","article-title":"Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in elderly and middle-aged euthyroid persons","volume":"41","author":"Hershman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.055194","article-title":"Thyroid function and prevalence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies in a population with borderline sufficient iodine intake: influences of age and sex","volume":"52","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R309","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Complex alteration of thyroid function in healthy centenarians","volume":"77","author":"Mariotti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-4-843","article-title":"Low serum free thyroxine index in ambulating elderly is due to a resetting of the threshold of thyrotropin feedback suppression","volume":"73","author":"Lewis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200522010-00002","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in the elderly: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Laurberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-8610(04)70023-7","article-title":"Current controversies in endocrinology: screening of asymptomatic elderly for subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"5","author":"Karlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2006.02.001","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism increases the risk for depression in the elderly","volume":"44","author":"Chueire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6403","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0872","article-title":"Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men","volume":"90","author":"Beld","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.7.M653","article-title":"Embracing complexity: a consideration of hypertension in the very old","volume":"58","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52455.x","article-title":"The association between lipid levels and the risks of incident myocardial infarction, stroke, and total mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"52","author":"Psaty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.21.2651","article-title":"Thyroid disease in the oldest old: the exception to the rule","volume":"292","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8662","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in early childhood: a frequent outcome of transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia","volume":"87","author":"Calaciura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R319","first-page":"205","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"2","author":"Lorini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R320","first-page":"164","article-title":"Increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies and subclinical hypothyroidism in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Harel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322021151","article-title":"High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in schoolchildren after elimination of iodine deficiency in northwestern Greece","volume":"13","author":"Zois","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501316973109","article-title":"The Sardinian Autoimmunity Study: 3. Studies on circulating antithyroid antibodies in Sardinian schoolchildren: relationship to goiter prevalence and thyroid function","volume":"11","author":"Loviselli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0112-5","article-title":"Long-term outcome of hormonal status in Taiwanese children with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440001","article-title":"Plasma thyrotropin bioactivity in Down\u2019s syndrome children with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"144","author":"Konings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1340568","article-title":"Autoimmune hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in patients with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Chiovato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502753522383","article-title":"Assessment of thyroid function in two hundred patients with \u03b2-thalassemia major","volume":"12","author":"Zervas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0836","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of thyroid function in patients who received bone marrow transplantation during childhood and adolescence","volume":"89","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00635.x","article-title":"The effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Mohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R329","first-page":"6","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disorders and cognitive performance among adolescents in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.11.1005","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and Down\u2019s syndrome; studies on myocardial structure and function","volume":"88","author":"Toscano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2003.16.9.1245","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine concentrations in adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"16","author":"Atabek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R332","first-page":"12812","article-title":"Atherogenic lipid profile in children with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"62","author":"Paoli-Valeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2003.01786.x","article-title":"Height improvement by L-thyroxine treatment in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"45","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01955180","article-title":"Bone mineral density in adolescent females treated with L-thyroxine: a longitudinal study","volume":"155","author":"Saggese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R335","first-page":"652","article-title":"Short-term efficacy of thyroid hormone supplementation for patients with Down syndrome and low borderline thyroid function","volume":"93","author":"Tirosh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.11.1573","article-title":"American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction","volume":"60","author":"Ladenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540040029029","article-title":"Screening for mild thyroid failure at the periodic health examination: a decision and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"276","author":"Danese","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00018","volume":"129","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R339","author":"Stone","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7056.539","article-title":"Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Endocrinology and Diabetes Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and the Society for Endocrinology","volume":"313","author":"Vanderpump","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00020","article-title":"Clinical guideline, part 2. Screening for thyroid disease: an update. American College of Physicians","volume":"129","author":"Helfand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R342","first-page":"929","article-title":"Practice parameter on laboratory panel testing for screening and case finding in asymptomatic adults. Laboratory Testing Strategy Task Force of the College of American Pathologists","volume":"120","author":"Glenn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R343","first-page":"367","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy: position statement from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"5","author":"Gharib","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.5.855","article-title":"Health supervision for children with Down syndrome","volume":"93","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2173","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction\u2014can there be a consensus about the consensus?","volume":"90","author":"Ringel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02031.x","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease: consensus or conundrum?","volume":"60","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R347","first-page":"1562","article-title":"Screening and treatment for subclinical thyroid disease","volume":"291","author":"Biondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00015","article-title":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"140","author":"Helfand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4065\/78.5.554","article-title":"Factors influencing clinical decisions to initiate thyroxine therapy for patients with mildly increased serum thyrotropin (5.1\u201310.0 mIU\/L)","volume":"78","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0834","article-title":"Miscarriage in women with positive anti-TPO antibodies: is thyroxine the answer?","volume":"91","author":"Glinoer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.22.3002","article-title":"Combined T4 and T3 therapy-back to the drawing board","volume":"290","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0184","article-title":"Treatment of hypothyroidism with combinations of levothyroxine plus liothyronine","volume":"90","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6735","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2214","article-title":"Thyroid function and aging: do serum 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations give the Janus response?","volume":"90","author":"Mariotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502761016566","article-title":"Thoughts on prevention of thyroid disease in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.44","article-title":"Are detection and treatment of thyroid insufficiency in pregnancy feasible?","volume":"15","author":"Mandel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-3-604","article-title":"The lack of nocturnal serum thyrotropin surge in patients with nontoxic nodular goiter may predict the subsequent occurrence of hyperthyroidism","volume":"73","author":"Bartalena","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1978.tb02158.x","article-title":"Sporadic non-toxic goitre: an investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis","volume":"8","author":"Morgans","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-3-684","article-title":"Measurement of thyrotropin in clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism using a new chemiluminescent assay","volume":"69","author":"Ross","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.3.367","article-title":"Interlaboratory\/intermethod differences in functional sensitivity of immunometric assays of thyrotropin (TSH) and impact on reliability of measurement of subnormal concentrations of TSH","volume":"41","author":"Spencer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R360","first-page":"1016","author":"Ross","year":"2000"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.01.004","article-title":"A clinical and therapeutic approach to thyrotoxicosis with thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression only","volume":"118","author":"Papi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0020","article-title":"Thyroid hormone therapy and thyroid cancer: a reassessment","volume":"1","author":"Biondi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.109","article-title":"Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14073-1","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism","volume":"362","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp010145","article-title":"Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"345","author":"Toft","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1070213","article-title":"Total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine: a comparison between Graves\u2019 disease and hyperthyroxinaemia due to thyroxine replacement","volume":"107","author":"Pearce","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6418.693","article-title":"Total and free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients receiving maintenance replacement treatment with thyroxine","volume":"288","author":"Pearce","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70296-6","article-title":"Subclinical thyrotoxicosis","volume":"27","author":"Marqusee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400010159025","article-title":"Low serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in older persons without hyperthyroidism","volume":"151","author":"Sawin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R370","first-page":"93","article-title":"Do abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone level values result in treatment changes? A study of patients on thyroxine in one general practice","volume":"45","author":"De Whalley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00368.x","article-title":"High incidence of multinodular toxic goitre in the elderly population in a low iodine intake area vs. high incidence of Graves\u2019 disease in the young in a high iodine intake area: comparative surveys of thyrotoxicosis epidemiology in East-Jutland Denmark and Iceland","volume":"229","author":"Laurberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390160053012","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in adults over age 55 years. A study in an urban US community","volume":"150","author":"Bagchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R373","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Comparison of second and third generation methods for measurement of serum thyrotropin in patients with overt hyperthyroidism, patients receiving thyroxine therapy, and those with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"78","author":"Franklyn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01718.x","article-title":"Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and menopausal status in women at the mid-life (SWAN)","volume":"58","author":"Sowers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311901","article-title":"Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons","volume":"331","author":"Sawin","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1250475","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in 85-year-old men and women. Influence of non-thyroidal illness and drug treatment","volume":"125","author":"Sundbeck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176390","article-title":"Iodine deficiency in the world: where do we stand at the turn of the century","volume":"11","author":"Delange","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503768499680","article-title":"The prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disorders in a previously iodine-deficient area","volume":"13","author":"Volzke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-2-283","article-title":"Solitary autonomously functioning thyroid nodules and iodine deficiency","volume":"56","author":"Belfiore","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90243-1","article-title":"Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of \u201cidiopathic\u201d atrial fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Forfar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00223.x","article-title":"Is a more active attitude warranted in patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis?","volume":"228","author":"Tenerz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R382","first-page":"77","article-title":"Elderly patients with suppressed serum TSH but normal free thyroid hormone levels usually have mild thyroid overactivity and are at increased risk of developing overt hyperthyroidism","volume":"78","author":"Stott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-6-1089","article-title":"Evolution of toxicity in solitary nontoxic autonomously functioning thyroid nodules","volume":"50","author":"Hamburger","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.687","article-title":"Observations concerning the natural history of subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"15","author":"Woeber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1220623","article-title":"Thyrotropin results in euthyroid patients with a past history of hyperthyroidism","volume":"122","author":"Brownlie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0810507","article-title":"A transient rise of hormone secretion: a response of the stimulated rat thyroid gland to small increments of iodide supply","volume":"81","author":"Studer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.83","article-title":"Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurrence and epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Stanbury","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb05637.x","article-title":"Differences in the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in older and younger patients","volume":"44","author":"Trivalle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94135.x","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism in elderly hospitalised patients. Clinical features and treatment outcomes","volume":"164","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R390","first-page":"2592","article-title":"Minimal cardiac effects in asymptomatic athyreotic patients chronically treated with thyrotropin-suppressive doses of L-thyroxine","volume":"82","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R391","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Control of adrenergic overactivity by \u03b2-blockade improves quality of life in patients receiving long term suppressive therapy with levothyroxine","volume":"78","author":"Biondi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.1.6298","article-title":"Cardiac function, physical exercise capacity, and quality of life during long-term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine: effect of individual dose tailoring","volume":"85","author":"Mercuro","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90141-L","article-title":"Mental and physical state in subclinical hyperthyroidism: investigations in a normal working populations","volume":"32","author":"Schlote","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0100601","article-title":"Quality of life and psychometric functionality in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Botella-Carretero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2064","article-title":"A comparison of short-term changes in health-related quality of life in thyroid carcinoma patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation with recombinant human thyrotropin compared with thyroid hormone withdrawal","volume":"91","author":"Schroeder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021046","article-title":"The effects of early antithyroid therapy for endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism on clinical and heart abnormalities","volume":"88","author":"Sgarbi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R397","first-page":"4701","article-title":"Endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism affects quality of life and cardiac morphology and function in young and middle-aged patients","volume":"85","author":"Biondi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.05.008","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and disability in patients with overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Gulseren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-825925","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in different thyroid function states","volume":"36","author":"Larisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01667147","article-title":"Psychopathological and neuropsychological symptoms in patients with subclinical and remitted hyperthyroidism","volume":"68","author":"Bommer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.d01-1558.x","article-title":"The prevalence of affective disorder and in particular of a rapid cycling of bipolar disorder in patients with abnormal thyroid function tests","volume":"45","author":"Oomen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01146.x","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rottherdam study","volume":"53","author":"Kalmijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R403","first-page":"130","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism in dementia and correlation of the metabolic index in FDG-PET","volume":"30","author":"Dobert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000128134.84230.9F","article-title":"Low thyroid-stimulating hormone as an independent risk factor for Alzheimer disease","volume":"62","author":"Osch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2389.2003.51278.x","article-title":"Lack of association between thyroid disorders and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in older persons: a cross-sectional observational study in a geriatric outpatient population","volume":"51","author":"Cammen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0449","article-title":"Thyroid hormones, dementia, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe","volume":"91","author":"Jong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-6-450","article-title":"Monitoring therapy in patients taking levothyroxine","volume":"113","author":"Helfand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6418.693","article-title":"Total and free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients receiving maintenance replace-ment treatment with thyroxine","volume":"288","author":"Pearce","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01237.x","article-title":"Evidence for a slow tissue adaptation to circulating thyroxine in patients with chronic L-thyroxine treatment","volume":"31","author":"Nystrom","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6004.264","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic diseases. Treatment of thyroid disease: I","volume":"1","author":"Evered","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6459.1645","article-title":"Relevance of increased serum thyroxine concentrations associated with normal triiodothyronine values in hypothyroid patients receiving thyroxine: a case for \u201ctissue thyrotoxicosis.\u201d","volume":"289","author":"Jennings","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390040043008","article-title":"Evidence of hyperthyroidism in apparently euthyroid patients treated with levothyroxine","volume":"149","author":"Banovac","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/00365519509075392","article-title":"Third generation time-resolved immunofluorometric TSH assay for automatic immunoassay system evaluated","volume":"55","author":"Taimela","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R414","author":"Biondi","year":"2004"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8217","article-title":"Clinical review 142: cardiac dysrhythmias and thyroid dysfunction: the hidden menace?","volume":"87","author":"Osman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1983.tb02881.x","article-title":"The effect of minor increments in plasma thyroxine on heart rate and urinary sodium excretion","volume":"18","author":"Bell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R417","first-page":"334","article-title":"Cardiac effects of long-term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine","volume":"77","author":"Biondi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R418","first-page":"443","article-title":"Effects of chronic subclinical hyperthyroidism on cardiac morphology and function","volume":"44","author":"Biondi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiologia"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.75.4.363","article-title":"Cardiac hypertrophy as a result of long-term thyroxine therapy and thyrotoxicosis","volume":"75","author":"Ching","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2001.119370","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation","volume":"142","author":"Auer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.8.5000","article-title":"Clinical case seminar: reentrant atrioventricular nodal tachycardia induced by levothyroxine","volume":"83","author":"Biondi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.11.040","article-title":"Simple electrocardiographic markers for the prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism","volume":"99","author":"Aras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112488","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac size and myosin content of the heterotopically transplanted rat heart","volume":"77","author":"Klein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90530-Q","article-title":"Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action in the heart","volume":"88","author":"Dillmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1600043","article-title":"Local renin-angiotensin system contributes to hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"160","author":"Kobori","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500655","article-title":"Effects of TSH-suppressive therapy on cardiac morphology and function: beneficial effects of the addition of \u03b2-blockade on diastolic dysfunction","volume":"150","author":"Gullu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0620","article-title":"Reversible diastolic dysfunction after long-term exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"90","author":"Smit","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.381","article-title":"Long-term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine impairs small and large artery elasticity and increases left ventricular mass in patients with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Shargorodsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0110345","article-title":"Chronic thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine and short-term overt hypothyroidism after thyroxine withdrawal are associated with undesirable cardiovascular effects in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Botella-Carretero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00407-0","article-title":"Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death","volume":"32","author":"Haider","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R431","first-page":"2222","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction in patients on thyroid-stimulating-hormone suppressive therapy with levothyroxine: beneficial effect of \u03b2 blockade","volume":"80","author":"Fazio","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R432","first-page":"4224","article-title":"Impaired cardiac reserve and exercise capacity in patients receiving long-term thyrotropin suppressive therapy with levothyroxine","volume":"81","author":"Biondi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8302","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac function: the relative importance of heart rate, loading conditions, and myocardial contractility in the regulation of cardiac performance in human hyperthyroidism","volume":"87","author":"Biondi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.731","article-title":"Exercise performance in young and middle-aged female patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"16","author":"Portella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450691","article-title":"Cardiovascular haemodynamics and cardiac autonomic control in patients with subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism","volume":"145","author":"Petretta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R436","first-page":"318","article-title":"Cardiac and metabolic effects in patients who present with a multinodular goitre","volume":"61","author":"Berghout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2850","article-title":"Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"94","author":"Tsuji","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.52.421","article-title":"The evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"52","author":"Tamer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1554","article-title":"The association of thyroid function with cardiac mass and left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"90","author":"Dorr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031028","article-title":"Thyroid function and carotid wall thickness","volume":"89","author":"Volzke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/1050725041692891","article-title":"Evaluation of endothelial function in subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"14","author":"Cikim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1786","article-title":"Low serum thyrotropin is associated with high plasma fibrinogen","volume":"91","author":"Dorr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02464.x","article-title":"Blood coagulation, fibrinolytic activity and lipid profile in subclinical thyroid disease: subclinical hyperthyroidism increases plasma factor X activity","volume":"64","author":"Erem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390210063015","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and quality of life for patients treated with levothyroxine","volume":"150","author":"Petersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01480.x","article-title":"Morbidity in patients on L-thyroxine: a comparison of those with a normal TSH to those with a suppressed TSH","volume":"37","author":"Leese","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06131","article-title":"Thyroid hormone in health and disease","volume":"187","author":"Boelaert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360050147025","article-title":"Effect of hyperthyroidism and its treatment on bone mineral content","volume":"145","author":"Toh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R448","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in lumbar bone density among thyrotoxic patients after attainment of euthyroidism","volume":"75","author":"Rosen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.341","article-title":"Fracture risk in patients treated for hyperthyroidism","volume":"10","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803123381103","article-title":"Mortality after the treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine","volume":"338","author":"Franklyn","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071015","article-title":"Excessive L-thyroxine therapy decreases femoral bone mineral densities in the male rat: effect of hypogonadism and calcitonin","volume":"7","author":"Ongphiphadhanakul","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-2-507","article-title":"Serum osteocalcin in patients taking L-thyroxine who have subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"72","author":"Ross","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-1-49","article-title":"Bone GLA protein and sex hormone binding globulin in non-toxic goiter. Parameters for metabolic status at tissue level","volume":"70","author":"Faber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000182315","article-title":"Bone turnover in overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism due to autonomous thyroid adenoma","volume":"37","author":"De Menis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.539","article-title":"Effect of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in premenopausal women","volume":"9","author":"Gurlek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.1280950.x","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women on thyroxine","volume":"46","author":"Guo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.50.657","article-title":"Bone and calcium metabolism in subclinical autoimmune hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"50","author":"Kisakol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R458","first-page":"27","article-title":"Bone metabolism in premenopausal women with nontoxic goiter and reduced serum thyrotropin levels","volume":"6","author":"Faber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thyroidology"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-6-1189","article-title":"Measurement of bone collagen degradation in hyperthyroidism and during thyroxine replacement therapy using pyridinium cross-links as specific urinary markers","volume":"72","author":"Harvey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.561","article-title":"Circulating telopeptide type I is a peripheral marker of thyroid hormone action in hyperthyroidism and during levothyroxine suppressive therapy","volume":"7","author":"Loviselli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00771-2","article-title":"TSH is a negative regulator of skeletal remodeling","volume":"115","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90219-1","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism and reduced bone density as a possible result of prolonged suppression of the pituitary thyroid axis with L-thyroxine","volume":"82","author":"Ross","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720210027023","article-title":"Long-term L-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density in premenopausal women","volume":"259","author":"Paul","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00471.x","article-title":"Reduced forearm bone mineral content and biochemical evidence of increased bone turnover in women with euthyroid goiter treated with thyroid hormone","volume":"33","author":"Taelman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-6-1184","article-title":"A therapeutic dilemma suppressive doses of thyroxine significantly reduce bone mineral measurements in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Diamond","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.1.72","article-title":"Skeletal integrity in men chronically treated with suppressive doses of L-thyroxine","volume":"12","author":"Marcoccci","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92423-D","article-title":"Long-term treatment and bone mineral density","volume":"340","author":"Franklyn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00834532","article-title":"Bone mineral density in patients receiving suppressive doses of thyroxine for differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Gorres","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R469","first-page":"818","article-title":"Carefully monitored levothyroxine therapy is not associated with bone loss in premenopausal women","volume":"78","author":"Marcocci","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01072","article-title":"Lack of deleterious effect on bone mineral density of long-term thyroxine suppressive therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Reverter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R471","first-page":"443","article-title":"Bone mineral density in patients receiving suppressive doses of thyroxine for thyroid carcinoma","volume":"106","author":"Florkowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0870593","article-title":"Bone density and mineral metabolism in thyroidectomized patients treated with long-term thyroxine","volume":"87","author":"Giannini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02789.x","article-title":"Bone mineral density and metabolism in premenopausal women taking L-thyroxine replacement therapy","volume":"41","author":"Garton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980012","article-title":"A slight suppressive dose of L-thyroxine does not affect bone turnover and bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women with nontoxic goiter","volume":"27","author":"De Rosa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599809012835","article-title":"Bone mineral density in premenopausal women receiving levothyroxine suppressive therapy","volume":"12","author":"Nuzzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01955180","article-title":"Bone mineral density in adolescent females treated with L-thyroxine; a longitudinal study","volume":"155","author":"Saggese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0269-4727.2003.00508.x","article-title":"Effects of levothyroxine suppressive therapy on bone mineral density in premenopausal women","volume":"29","author":"Larijani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298581","article-title":"A longitudinal assessment of bone loss in women with levothyroxine-suppressed benign thyroid disease and thyroid cancer","volume":"56","author":"Mc Dermott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1260238","article-title":"Longitudinal study of bone loss after thyroidectomy and suppressive thyroxine therapy in premenopausal women","volume":"126","author":"Pioli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050069","article-title":"Bone changes in pre- and postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer on levothyroxine therapy: evolution of axial and appendicular bone mass","volume":"8","author":"Jodar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1995.5.81","article-title":"Possible limited bone loss with suppressible thyroxine therapy is to have clinical relevance","volume":"5","author":"Muller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R482","first-page":"480","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes and bone turnover in thyroid carcinoma patients treated with supraphysiologic doses of thyroxine","volume":"10","author":"Karner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00471.x","article-title":"Reduced forearm bone mineral content and biochemical evidence of increased bone turnover in women with euthyroid goiter treated with thyroid hormone","volume":"33","author":"Taelman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02254.x","article-title":"Determination of bone mineral density by quantitative computed tomography and single photon absorptiometry in subclinical hyperthyroidism: a risk of early osteopenia in post-menopausal women","volume":"36","author":"Lehmke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510400031027","article-title":"Thyroid hormone use and bone mineral density in elderly women. Effects of estrogen","volume":"271","author":"Schneider","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R486","first-page":"563","article-title":"Effect of TSH-suppressive doses of levothyroxine on bone mineral density in Thai women","volume":"79","author":"Ongphiphadhanakul","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.00977.x","article-title":"Treatment of benign nodular goitre with mildly suppressive doses of L-thyroxine: effects on bone mineral density and on nodule size","volume":"251","author":"Baldini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/154099903321154112","article-title":"Thyroid hormone use and the risk of hip fracture in women > or = 65 years: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Van Den Eeden","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02405.x","article-title":"Thyroxine suppressive therapy decreases bone mineral density in post-menopausal women","volume":"39","author":"Kung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R490","first-page":"2324","article-title":"Randomized trial of pamidronate in patients with thyroid cancer: bone density is not reduced by suppressive doses of thyroxine, but is increased by cyclic intravenous pamidronate","volume":"83","author":"Rosen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R491","first-page":"2931","article-title":"Low thyrotropin levels are not associated with bone loss in older women: a prospective study","volume":"82","author":"Bauer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1300350","article-title":"Changes in bone mass during prolonged subclinical hyperthyroidism due to L-thyroxine treatment: a meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Faber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R493","first-page":"4278","article-title":"Effects on bone mass of long-term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Uzzan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.10043","article-title":"Bone mineral density in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients treated with suppressive thyroxine: a systematic overview of the literature","volume":"79","author":"Quan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.583","article-title":"The effects of thyrotropin-suppressive therapy on bone metabolis in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Heemstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041126","article-title":"Recombinant human TSH modulates in vivo C-telopeptides of type-1 collagen and bone alkaline phosphatase, but not osteoprotegerin production in postmenopausal women monitored for differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R497","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Prevention of bone loss induced by thyroxine suppressive therapy in postmenopausal women: the effect of calcium and calcitonin","volume":"81","author":"Kung","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01933","article-title":"Hip bone mineral density, bone turnover and risk of fracture in patients on long-term suppressive L-thyroxine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"153","author":"Heijckmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01072","article-title":"Lack of deleterious effect on bone mineral density of long-term thyroxine suppressive therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Reverter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1081\/ERC-120026945","article-title":"Relationships existing between the serum cytokine levels and bone mineral density in women in the premenopausal period affected by Graves\u2019 disease with subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"29","author":"Ugur-Altun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00427.x","article-title":"Normalization of serum thyrotropin by mean of radioiodine treatment in subclinical hyperthyroidism. Effect of bone loss in postmenopausal women","volume":"48","author":"Faber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02571.x","article-title":"Bone metabolism during anti-thyroid drug treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"41","author":"Mudde","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02403.x","article-title":"Bone mineral density in patients with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism: is the thyroid status a risk factor for osteoporosis?","volume":"39","author":"Foldes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R504","first-page":"4157","article-title":"Persistent increase in bone turnover in Graves\u2019 patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"85","author":"Kumeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230020041","article-title":"Bone mineral density in male patients with L-thyroxine suppressive therapy and Graves disease","volume":"69","author":"Jodar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.17","article-title":"Prevalence of fractures in postmenopausal women with thyroid disease","volume":"3","author":"Solomon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.3.338","article-title":"Levothyroxine treatment and occurrence of fracture of the hip","volume":"162","author":"Sheppard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00009","article-title":"Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone","volume":"134","author":"Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02458.x","article-title":"Quality of life in longterm exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism and the effects of restoration of euthyroidism, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Eustatia-Rutten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-123-1-203","article-title":"Thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy: time course of development and inhibition by propranolol","volume":"123","author":"Klein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450391","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes following treatment of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism","volume":"145","author":"Faber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(81)90047-4","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and isolated suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis: response to specific antithyroid therapy","volume":"1","author":"Forfar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R513","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in lumbar bone density among thyrotoxic patients after attainment of euthyroidism","volume":"75","author":"Rosen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R514","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00972.x","article-title":"The early effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism on biochemical indices of bone turnover","volume":"38","author":"MacLeod","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.49.307","article-title":"Is antithyroid treatment really relevant for young patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism?","volume":"49","author":"Yonem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R516","first-page":"331","article-title":"Clinical review 66: Thyroxine suppression therapy for benign nodular disease","volume":"80","author":"Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R517","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020365","article-title":"Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression with levothyroxine in reducing the volume of solitary thyroid nodules and improving extranodular nonpalpable changes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by the French Thyroid Research Group","volume":"87","author":"Wemeau","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.3.4615","article-title":"Long-term changes in nodular goiter: a 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules","volume":"83","author":"Papini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.12.1.63","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01060.x","article-title":"Management of the nontoxic multinodular goitre: a European questionnaire study","volume":"53","author":"Bonnema","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8169","article-title":"Management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter: a North American survey","volume":"87","author":"Bonnema","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R522","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1722","article-title":"Management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter in Latin America: comparison with North America and Europe, an electronic survey","volume":"90","author":"Diehl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00016","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease: a clinician\u2019s perspective","volume":"129","author":"Cooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250360731532","article-title":"The management of subclinical hyperthyroidism by thyroid specialists","volume":"13","author":"McDermott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760143863","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and the management of atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Shimizu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042972","article-title":"Antithyroid drugs","volume":"352","author":"Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041121435594000_R527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0141","article-title":"Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"92","author":"Abalovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/76\/8862668\/edrv0076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T01:36:19Z","timestamp":1708565779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article\/29\/1\/76\/2354999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,8]]},"references-count":527,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2006-0043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-769X","1945-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-769X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,8]]}}}