{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:47:57Z","timestamp":1791604077078,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AG031736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG031736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG019899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG019899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AG051869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG051869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The important role of GH in the control of mammalian longevity was first deduced from extended longevity of mice with genetic GH deficiency (GHD) or GH resistance. Mice with isolated GHD (IGHD) due to GHRH or GHRH receptor mutations, combined deficiency of GH, prolactin, and TSH, or global deletion of GH receptors live longer than do their normal siblings. They also exhibit multiple features of delayed and\/or slower aging, accompanied by extension of healthspan. The unexpected, remarkable longevity benefit of severe endocrine defects in these animals presumably represents evolutionarily conserved trade-offs among aging, growth, maturation, fecundity, and the underlying anabolic processes. Importantly, the negative association of GH signaling with longevity extends to other mammalian species, apparently including humans. Data obtained in humans with IGHD type 1B, owing to a mutation of the GHRH receptor gene, in the Itabaianinha County, Brazil, provide a unique opportunity to study the impact of severe reduction in GH signaling on age-related characteristics, health, and functionality. Individuals with IGHD are characterized by proportional short stature, doll facies, high-pitched voices, and central obesity. They have delayed puberty but are fertile and generally healthy. Moreover, these IGHD individuals are partially protected from cancer and some of the common effects of aging and can attain extreme longevity, 103 years of age in one case. We think that low, but detectable, residual GH secretion combined with life-long reduction of circulating IGF-1 and with some tissue levels of IGF-1 and\/or IGF-2 preserved may account for the normal longevity and apparent extension of healthspan in these individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T14:08:05Z","timestamp":1545314885000},"page":"575-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Growth Hormone Deficiency: Health and Longevity"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9979-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel H","family":"Aguiar-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Bartke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6604","key":"2020071623344070700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/384033a0","article-title":"Dwarf mice and the ageing process","volume":"384","author":"Brown-Borg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111158898","article-title":"Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production","volume":"98","author":"Flurkey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0374","article-title":"Deletion, but not antagonism, of the mouse growth hormone receptor results in severely decreased body weights, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I levels and increased life span","volume":"144","author":"Coschigano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01098","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01098","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"20","key":"2020071623344070700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600161103","article-title":"Targeted disruption of growth hormone receptor interferes with the beneficial actions of calorie restriction","volume":"103","author":"Bonkowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B6","first-page":"e17","article-title":"Growth hormone and aging: updated review","volume":"36","author":"Bartke","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E503","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00262.2015","article-title":"The somatotropic axis and longevity in mice","volume":"309","author":"Brown-Borg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.032292","article-title":"The influence of genes on the aging process of mice: a statistical assessment of the genetics of aging","volume":"169","author":"de Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100919","article-title":"Measuring aging rates of mice subjected to caloric restriction and genetic disruption of growth hormone signaling","volume":"8","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1186-2","article-title":"Epigenetic aging signatures in mice livers are slowed by dwarfism, calorie restriction and rapamycin treatment","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12194","article-title":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"1561","key":"2020071623344070700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0281","article-title":"Single-gene mutations and healthy ageing in mammals","volume":"366","author":"Bartke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00006.2012","article-title":"Somatotropic signaling: trade-offs between growth, reproductive development, and longevity","volume":"93","author":"Bartke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041560114","article-title":"Decrease in cellular replicative potential in \u201cgiant\u201d mice transfected with the bovine growth hormone gene correlates to shortened life span","volume":"156","author":"Pendergrass","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020071623344070700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(93)90141-D","article-title":"Effects of long-term elevated serum levels of growth hormone on life expectancy of mice: lessons from transgenic animal models","volume":"68","author":"Wolf","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R155","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0018","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects","volume":"178","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp024","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity as a key mediator of growth hormone actions on longevity","volume":"64","author":"Masternak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0086","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone on susceptibility to diet-induced obesity","volume":"147","author":"Berryman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12467","article-title":"Long-lived hypopituitary Ames dwarf mice are resistant to the detrimental effects of high-fat diet on metabolic function and energy expenditure","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.4.323","article-title":"Adipocytokines and lipid levels in Ames dwarf and calorie-restricted mice","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2011.00763.x","article-title":"Metabolic effects of intra-abdominal fat in GHRKO mice","volume":"11","author":"Masternak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12201","article-title":"The contribution of visceral fat to improved insulin signaling in Ames dwarf mice","volume":"13","author":"Menon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322800212","article-title":"Enlargement of interscapular brown adipose tissue in growth hormone antagonist transgenic and in growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted dwarf mice","volume":"228","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1593","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue function is enhanced in long-lived, male Ames dwarf mice","volume":"157","author":"Darcy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B25","author":"Darcy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1330","article-title":"The role of GH in adipose tissue: lessons from adipose-specific GH receptor gene-disrupted mice","volume":"27","author":"List","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1654","article-title":"Evidence that Ames dwarf mice age differently from their normal siblings in behavioral and learning and memory parameters","volume":"39","author":"Kinney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00423-1","article-title":"Evidence that age-induced decline in memory retention is delayed in growth hormone resistant GH-R-KO (Laron) mice","volume":"72","author":"Kinney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072255","article-title":"Prevention of neuromusculoskeletal frailty in slow-aging Ames dwarf mice: longitudinal investigation of interaction of longevity genes and caloric restriction","volume":"8","author":"Arum","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9551-x","article-title":"The slow-aging growth hormone receptor\/binding protein gene-disrupted (GHR-KO) mouse is protected from aging-resultant neuromusculoskeletal frailty","volume":"36","author":"Arum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9701-9","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone receptor gene disruption and PMA treatment on the expression of genes involved in primordial follicle activation in mice ovaries","volume":"36","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220087","article-title":"Growth hormone is required for ovarian follicular growth","volume":"143","author":"Bachelot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.09.019","article-title":"Ovarian transcriptome associated with reproductive senescence in the long-living Ames dwarf mice","volume":"439","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.10.015","article-title":"Ovarian aging and the activation of the primordial follicle reserve in the long-lived Ames dwarf and the short-lived bGH transgenic mice","volume":"455","author":"Saccon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B455","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.9.B455","article-title":"Differential longevity in mouse stocks selected for early life growth trajectory","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B36","volume-title":"Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling: Physiological, Performance, Growth, Longevity and Ecological Ramifications","author":"Samaras","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-9728.2002.00006.x","article-title":"Big mice die young: early life body weight predicts longevity in genetically heterogeneous mice","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.06.005","article-title":"Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog","volume":"82","author":"Greer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-010-9182-4","article-title":"Connecting serum IGF-1, body size, and age in the domestic dog","volume":"33","author":"Greer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"5611","key":"2020071623344070700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081447","article-title":"The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals","volume":"299","author":"Tatar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.11.1706","article-title":"Genetics of aging and diseases: from rare mutations and model systems to disease prevention","volume":"59","author":"Longo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R132","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-7-r132","article-title":"Evolutionary conservation of regulated longevity assurance mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"McElwee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1120","article-title":"Long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice: interaction of reduced insulin-like growth factor I\/insulin signaling and caloric restriction","volume":"146","author":"Al-Regaiey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28436","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/28436","article-title":"PPARs in calorie restricted and genetically long-lived mice","volume":"2007","author":"Masternak","year":"2007","journal-title":"PPAR Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B72","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.2.B72","article-title":"Array-based expression analysis of mouse liver genes: effect of age and of the longevity mutant Prop1df.","volume":"56","author":"Dozmorov","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-353","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of long-lived dwarf mice: longevity-associated genes and relationships with diet, gender and aging","volume":"8","author":"Swindell","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"29","key":"2020071623344070700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26702","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5760","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling reveals divergent expression shifts in brown and white adipose tissue from long-lived GHRKO mice","volume":"6","author":"Stout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00039.2004","article-title":"Additive regulation of hepatic gene expression by dwarfism and caloric restriction","volume":"17","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"6862","key":"2020071623344070700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/35106646","article-title":"Extending the lifespan of long-lived mice","volume":"414","author":"Bartke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717065115","article-title":"Effects of rapamycin on growth hormone receptor knockout mice","volume":"115","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12262","article-title":"Specific suppression of insulin sensitivity in growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-KO) mice attenuates phenotypic features of slow aging","volume":"13","author":"Arum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2086","article-title":"Liver-specific GH receptor gene-disrupted (LiGHRKO) mice have decreased endocrine IGF-I, increased local IGF-I, and altered body size, body composition, and adipokine profiles","volume":"155","author":"List","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100766","article-title":"Removal of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in muscle of male mice replicates some of the health benefits seen in global GHR\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"7","author":"List","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv010","article-title":"Inflammatory and glutamatergic homeostasis are involved in successful aging","volume":"71","author":"Hascup","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9651-2","article-title":"Preservation of blood glucose homeostasis in slow-senescing somatotrophism-deficient mice subjected to intermittent fasting begun at middle or old age [published correction appears in Age (Dordr). 2014;36(4):9695]","volume":"36","author":"Arum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00575.2004","article-title":"Fibroblast cell lines from young adult mice of long-lived mutant strains are resistant to multiple forms of stress","volume":"289","author":"Salmon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071623344070700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp052","article-title":"Long-lived ames dwarf mice are resistant to chemical stressors","volume":"64","author":"Bokov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9212-x","article-title":"Expression of oxidative phosphorylation components in mitochondria of long-living Ames dwarf mice","volume":"34","author":"Brown-Borg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B59","author":"Westbrook"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B60","first-page":"119","article-title":"Long-lived Ames dwarf mice: oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in heart and brain","volume":"25","author":"Sanz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Aging Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12525","article-title":"mTOR regulates the expression of DNA damage response enzymes in long-lived Snell dwarf, GHRKO, and PAPPA-KO mice","volume":"16","author":"Dominick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B62","author":"Hine"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100231","article-title":"A novel insight into aging: are there pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in adult tissues overtime depleted in an Igf-1-dependent manner","volume":"2","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100681","article-title":"Growth hormone action predicts age-related white adipose tissue dysfunction and senescent cell burden in mice","volume":"6","author":"Stout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.11.005","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming, caloric restriction and aging","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo3040881","article-title":"Transcriptomics and metabonomics identify essential metabolic signatures in calorie restriction (CR) regulation across multiple mouse strains","volume":"3","author":"Collino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.4.10766","article-title":"Calorie restriction: decelerating mTOR-driven aging from cells to organisms (including humans)","volume":"9","author":"Blagosklonny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9966-x","article-title":"The GH\/IGF-1 axis in a critical period early in life determines cellular DNA repair capacity by altering transcriptional regulation of DNA repair-related genes: implications for the developmental origins of cancer","volume":"39","author":"Podlutsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1185-3","article-title":"Diverse interventions that extend mouse lifespan suppress shared age-associated epigenetic changes at critical gene regulatory regions","volume":"18","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004567","article-title":"Disruption of growth hormone receptor prevents calorie restriction from improving insulin action and longevity","volume":"4","author":"Bonkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12382","article-title":"Growth hormone modulates hypothalamic inflammation in long-lived pituitary dwarf mice","volume":"14","author":"Sadagurski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"37","key":"2020071623344070700_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801030105","article-title":"FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity","volume":"105","author":"Willcox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2008.0827","article-title":"Association of the FOXO3A locus with extreme longevity in a southern Italian centenarian study","volume":"12","author":"Anselmi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071623344070700_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809594106","article-title":"Association of FOXO3A variation with human longevity confirmed in German centenarians","volume":"106","author":"Flachsbart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"5606","key":"2020071623344070700_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078223","article-title":"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue","volume":"299","author":"Bl\u00fcher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5949","key":"2020071623344070700_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177221","article-title":"Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 signaling regulates mammalian life span","volume":"326","author":"Selman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.048","article-title":"Reduced circulating insulin enhances insulin sensitivity in old mice and extends lifespan","volume":"20","author":"Templeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000073704","article-title":"Can growth hormone (GH) accelerate aging? Evidence from GH-transgenic mice","volume":"78","author":"Bartke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010087729037","article-title":"Longevity and aging of mice from lines divergently selected for body weight for over 90 generations","volume":"1","author":"Wirth-Dzie\u00e7io\u0142owska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"21","key":"2020071623344070700_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121113109","article-title":"Genetic coregulation of age of female sexual maturation and lifespan through circulating IGF1 among inbred mouse strains","volume":"109","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-142x.2002.01053.x","article-title":"Growth negatively impacts the life span of mammals","volume":"4","author":"Rollo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B171","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.3.B171","article-title":"Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implications for gerontology research","volume":"52","author":"Patronek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.93","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics of geriatric horses: 467 cases (1989\u20131999)","volume":"223","author":"Brosnahan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094385","article-title":"Shorter men live longer: association of height with longevity and FOXO3 genotype in American men of Japanese ancestry [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105839]","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B85","first-page":"443","article-title":"Short adult stature predicts impaired \u03b2-cell function, insulin resistance, glycemia, and type 2 diabetes in Finnish men","volume":"102","author":"Vangipurapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-016-1002-4","article-title":"Physiological underpinnings in life-history trade-offs in man\u2019s most popular selection experiment: the dog","volume":"186","author":"Jimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B87","author":"Swanson"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.07.004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms determining lifespan in short- and long-lived species","volume":"28","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100552","article-title":"IGF1R levels in the brain negatively correlate with longevity in 16 rodent species","volume":"5","author":"Azpurua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02578-8","article-title":"The physiology\/life-history nexus","volume":"17","author":"Ricklefs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2460-3","article-title":"Energetic trade-offs and feedbacks between behavior and metabolism influence correlations between pace-of-life attributes [published correction appears in Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2018;72:76]","volume":"72","author":"Salzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12314","article-title":"Comparative analysis of genome maintenance genes in naked mole rat, mouse, and human","volume":"14","author":"MacRae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15183","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15183","article-title":"Differences between germline and somatic mutation rates in humans and mice","volume":"8","author":"Milholland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B94","first-page":"5073","article-title":"Early life growth hormone treatment shortens longevity and decreases cellular stress resistance in long-lived mutant mice","volume":"24","author":"Panici","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24059","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24059","article-title":"Longevity is impacted by growth hormone action during early postnatal period","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"70","key":"2020071623344070700_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70ra13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001845","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans","volume":"3","author":"Guevara-Aguirre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000101811","volume-title":"Growth Hormone Therapy in Pediatrics\u201320 Years of KIGS","author":"Ranke","year":"2007","edition":"1st ed."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.11.1199","article-title":"Endocrine function and morphological findings in patients with disorders of the hypothalamo-pituitary area: a study with magnetic resonance","volume":"65","author":"Cacciari","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2020071623344070700_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000184192","article-title":"Molecular basis of familial growth hormone deficiency","volume":"42","author":"P\u00e9rez Jurado","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1877-1173(09)88003-4","article-title":"Diseases associated with growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) mutations","volume":"88","author":"Martari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1280","article-title":"Isolated autosomal dominant growth hormone deficiency: an evolving pituitary deficit? A multicenter follow-up study","volume":"90","author":"Mullis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02289.x","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency and combined pituitary hormone deficiency: does the genotype matter","volume":"63","author":"Dattani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071623344070700_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021938","article-title":"Reduced longevity in untreated patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"88","author":"Besson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1879","article-title":"Longevity in untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene","volume":"95","author":"Aguiar-Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B105","first-page":"917","article-title":"Familial dwarfism due to a novel mutation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor gene","volume":"84","author":"Salvatori","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B106","first-page":"4118","article-title":"Effect of severe growth hormone (GH) deficiency due to a mutation in the GH-releasing hormone receptor on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-binding proteins, and ternary complex formation throughout life","volume":"84","author":"Aguiar-Oliveira","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R85","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-1047","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: the multiple facets of GHRH\/GH\/IGF-I axis: lessons from lifetime, untreated, isolated GH deficiency due to a GHRH receptor gene mutation","volume":"177","author":"Aguiar-Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B108","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Clinical features and endocrine status in patients with growth hormone insensitivity (Laron syndrome)","volume":"77","author":"Savage","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1430191","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and their binding proteins during postnatal development of dwarf Snell mice before and during growth hormone and thyroxine therapy","volume":"143","author":"van Buul-Offers","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347374","article-title":"GH response to hypoglycemia and clonidine in the GH-releasing hormone resistance syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Salvatori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B111","first-page":"3279","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 stimulates GH secretion in GH-deficient patients with mutated GH-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"86","author":"Gondo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B112","first-page":"956","article-title":"Selective lack of growth hormone (GH) response to the GH-releasing peptide hexarelin in patients with GH-releasing hormone receptor deficiency","volume":"84","author":"Maheshwari","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E943","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00537.2001","article-title":"Pulsatile growth hormone secretion persists in genetic growth hormone-releasing hormone resistance","volume":"282","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031033","article-title":"Laron syndrome (primary growth hormone resistance or insensitivity): the personal experience 1958\u20132003","volume":"89","author":"Laron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2132","article-title":"Increased visceral adiposity and cortisol to cortisone ratio in adults with congenital lifetime isolated GH deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Gomes-Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-9896-z","article-title":"Prolactin and sex steroids levels in congenital lifetime isolated GH deficiency","volume":"44","author":"Menezes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480427","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging study of pituitary morphology in subjects homozygous and heterozygous for a null mutation of the GHRH receptor gene","volume":"148","author":"Oliveira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B118","first-page":"451","article-title":"Histopathology of the pituitary gland in neonatal little (lit) mutant mice","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.2319\/102210-618.1","article-title":"Cephalometric features in isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"81","author":"Oliveira-Neto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.10.028","article-title":"Laryngeal and vocal evaluation in untreated growth hormone deficient adults","volume":"140","author":"Barreto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2015.03.015","article-title":"Voice formants in individuals with congenital, isolated, lifetime growth hormone deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Valen\u00e7a","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1127\/0003-5548\/2012\/0208","article-title":"Differential effects of hGH and IGF-I on body proportions","volume":"69","author":"Laron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anthropol Anz"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1795-9_160","volume-title":"Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease","author":"Aguiar-Oliveira","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2012.02.005","article-title":"Head circumference in untreated and IGF-I treated patients with Laron syndrome: comparison with untreated and hGH-treated children with isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"22","author":"Laron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B125","author":"Valen\u00e7a"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1710","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2349","article-title":"Isolated GH deficiency due to a GHRH receptor mutation causes hip joint problems and genu valgum, and reduces size but not density of trabecular and mixed bone","volume":"98","author":"Epit\u00e1cio-Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03302.x","article-title":"Consequences of lifetime isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency and effects of short-term GH treatment on bone in adults with a mutation in the GHRH-receptor gene","volume":"70","author":"de Paula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B128","first-page":"191","article-title":"Lifetime, untreated isolated GH deficiency due to a GH-releasing hormone receptor mutation has beneficial consequences on bone status in older individuals, and does not influence their abdominal aorta calcification","volume":"47","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0054","article-title":"Bone status and fracture prevalence in Russian adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"89","author":"Bouillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930307","article-title":"Pathophysiological and clinical importance of insulin-like growth factor-I with respect to bone metabolism","volume":"52","author":"Zofkov\u00e1","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8474","article-title":"Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, central obesity, and dyslipidemia","volume":"87","author":"Barreto-Filho","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-0617-y","article-title":"Effects of diosgenin on cell proliferation induced by IGF-1 in primary human thyrocytes","volume":"34","author":"Bian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1709","article-title":"Deletion of IGF-1 receptors in cardiomyocytes attenuates cardiac aging in male mice","volume":"157","author":"Ock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"2020071623344070700_B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31815b97d4","article-title":"Climacteric in untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"15","author":"Menezes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03148.x","article-title":"Sizes of abdominal organs in adults with severe short stature due to severe, untreated, congenital GH deficiency caused by a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene","volume":"69","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.04.002","article-title":"Ocular findings in adult subjects with an inactivating mutation in GH releasing hormone receptor gene","volume":"34","author":"Faro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2016.07.001","article-title":"Abnormal vascular and neural retinal morphology in congenital lifetime isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"30\u201331","author":"Pereira-Gurgel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-13-0014","article-title":"Lifetime congenital isolated GH deficiency does not protect from the development of diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Vicente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.41.1.106","article-title":"Head circumference from birth to eighteen years. Practical composite international and interracial graphs","volume":"41","author":"Nellhaus","year":"1968","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11183-9_10","volume-title":"Laron Syndrome\u2014From Man to Mouse: Lessons in Clinical Experience","author":"Laron","year":"2011"},{"issue":"18","key":"2020071623344070700_B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610313351805","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene","volume":"335","author":"Woods","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20497","article-title":"Daughters increase longevity of fathers, but daughters and sons equally reduce longevity of mothers","volume":"18","author":"Jasienska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.6.6992","article-title":"Deficits in female reproductive function in GH-R-KO mice; role of IGF-I","volume":"140","author":"Danilovich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0058","article-title":"Adult-onset growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I deficiency reduces neoplastic disease, modifies age-related pathology, and increases life span","volume":"146","author":"Sonntag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.001","article-title":"Quality of life in congenital, untreated, lifetime isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"34","author":"Barbosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.S2.1","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients\u20142009 update","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2118","article-title":"Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Fleseriu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.12.001","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of growth hormone (GH) during extended treatment of adult Japanese patients with GH deficiency (GHD)","volume":"18","author":"Chihara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030346","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset GH deficiency: effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"18","key":"2020071623344070700_B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2282","article-title":"Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Blackman","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071623344070700_B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00002","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability","volume":"124","author":"Papadakis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0145","article-title":"Altered sleep patterns in patients with non-functional GHRH receptor","volume":"177","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813517987","article-title":"Hearing status in adult individuals with lifetime, untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"150","author":"Prado-Barreto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1061-z","article-title":"Infectious diseases and immunological responses in adult subjects with lifetime untreated, congenital GH deficiency","volume":"54","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01721.x","article-title":"Periodontal disease in adults with untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency: a case-control study","volume":"38","author":"Britto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00837.x","article-title":"Serum leptin and body composition in children with familial GH deficiency (GHD) due to a mutation in the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor","volume":"51","author":"de A Barretto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02558.x","article-title":"Body composition in untreated adult patients with Laron syndrome (primary GH insensitivity)","volume":"65","author":"Laron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2590","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and \u03b2-cell function in adults with lifetime, untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"97","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1919","article-title":"Adipokine profile and urinary albumin excretion in isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"95","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9957-y","article-title":"The role of transplanted visceral fat from the long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice on insulin signaling","volume":"39","author":"Bennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(04)63006-7","article-title":"Life extension in the dwarf mouse","volume":"63","author":"Bartke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00423.2003","article-title":"Disruption of growth hormone receptor gene causes diminished pancreatic islet size and increased insulin sensitivity in mice","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0079","article-title":"Role of growth hormone in regulating lipolysis, proteolysis, and hepatic glucose production during fasting","volume":"93","author":"Sakharova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0670-2","article-title":"Subjects with isolated GH deficiency due to a null GHRHR mutation eat proportionally more, but healthier than controls","volume":"51","author":"Oliveira-Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01568.x","article-title":"Lipid profiles in untreated severe congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency through the lifespan","volume":"57","author":"Gleeson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118415","article-title":"Regulation of rat hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors. In vivo stimulation by growth hormone is not mediated by insulin-like growth factor I","volume":"97","author":"Rudling","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2571","article-title":"Lack of evidence of premature atherosclerosis in untreated severe isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency due to a GH-releasing hormone receptor mutation","volume":"91","author":"Menezes Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-15-0118","article-title":"Brazilian adult individuals with untreated isolated GH deficiency do not have accelerated subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-14-0078","article-title":"Liver status in congenital, untreated, isolated GH deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Diniz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2018.03.004","article-title":"Occurrence of neoplasms in individuals with congenital, severe GH deficiency from the Itabaianinha kindred","volume":"41","author":"Marinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0859","article-title":"Congenital IGF1 deficiency tends to confer protection against post-natal development of malignancies","volume":"164","author":"Steuerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6270","key":"2020071623344070700_B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/345078a0","article-title":"A growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting","volume":"345","author":"DeChiara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B173"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B174"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B175"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500149","article-title":"Direct causes of death in Japanese patients with hypopituitarism as analyzed from a nation-wide autopsy database","volume":"150","author":"Kaji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B177","first-page":"357","article-title":"Longevity of the hypopituitary patients from the island Krk: a follow-up study","volume":"7","author":"Krzisnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-15-3-369","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to primary GH receptor deficiency","volume":"15","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2006.10.007","article-title":"Patients with congenital deficiency of IGF-I seem protected from the development of malignancies: a preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Shevah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"8710","key":"2020071623344070700_B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91812-O","article-title":"Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism","volume":"336","author":"Ros\u00e9n","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9254","key":"2020071623344070700_B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4059","article-title":"Deaths among adult patients with hypopituitarism: hypocortisolism during acute stress, and de novo malignant brain tumors contribute to an increased mortality","volume":"98","author":"Burman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1215","article-title":"Does growth hormone replacement therapy reduce mortality in adults with growth hormone deficiency? Data from the Dutch National Registry of Growth Hormone Treatment in adults","volume":"96","author":"van Bunderen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-1028","article-title":"Overall and cause-specific mortality in GH-deficient adults on GH replacement","volume":"166","author":"Gaillard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0022","article-title":"Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"25","author":"Colao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031199","article-title":"Factors influencing mortality in acromegaly","volume":"89","author":"Holdaway","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0267","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-I on mortality in acromegaly","volume":"159","author":"Holdaway","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0565-y","article-title":"Risk of malignant neoplasms in acromegaly: a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Wolinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02457","article-title":"Cancer incidence in patients with acromegaly: a cohort study and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"103","author":"Dal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2372","article-title":"The incidence of cancer among acromegaly patients: results from the German Acromegaly Registry","volume":"100","author":"Petroff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23121","article-title":"Increased population risk of AIP-related acromegaly and gigantism in Ireland","volume":"38","author":"Radian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140189","article-title":"Accelerated telomere shortening in acromegaly; IGF-I induces telomere shortening and cellular senescence","volume":"10","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007053230101","article-title":"Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old","volume":"323","author":"Rudman","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12490","article-title":"Genomewide meta-analysis identifies loci associated with IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels with impact on age-related traits","volume":"15","author":"Teumer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.12.006","article-title":"GH and GHR signaling in human disease","volume":"38","author":"Guevara-Aguirre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.10.038","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in long-lived people: cues for the presence of an insulin\/IGF-pathway-dependent network affecting human longevity","volume":"299","author":"Bonaf\u00e8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9728.2005.00148.x","article-title":"Reduced insulin\/IGF-1 signalling and human longevity","volume":"4","author":"van Heemst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705467105","article-title":"Functionally significant insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutations in centenarians","volume":"105","author":"Suh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12755","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12755","article-title":"The genetic component of human longevity: new insights from the analysis of pathway-based SNP-SNP interactions","volume":"17","author":"Dato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2018.06.002","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of genetic polymorphisms associated with exceptional human longevity","volume":"175","author":"Revelas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12213","article-title":"Low insulin-like growth factor-1 level predicts survival in humans with exceptional longevity","volume":"13","author":"Milman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12519","article-title":"Growth hormone secretion is diminished and tightly controlled in humans enriched for familial longevity","volume":"15","author":"van der Spoel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02381.x","article-title":"Nonagenarian siblings and their offspring display lower risk of mortality and morbidity than sporadic nonagenarians: the Leiden Longevity Study","volume":"57","author":"Westendorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100484","article-title":"Low circulating IGF-I bioactivity is associated with human longevity: findings in centenarians\u2019 offspring","volume":"4","author":"Vitale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1995","article-title":"Long-term mortality after recombinant growth hormone treatment for isolated growth hormone deficiency or childhood short stature: preliminary report of the French SAGhE study","volume":"97","author":"Carel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E213","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2882","article-title":"Long-term mortality and causes of death in isolated GHD, ISS, and SGA patients treated with recombinant growth hormone during childhood in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden: preliminary report of 3 countries participating in the EU SAGhE study","volume":"97","author":"S\u00e4vendahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01899","article-title":"New neoplasm during GH replacement in adults with pituitary deficiency following malignancy: a KIMS analysis","volume":"103","author":"Krzyzanowska-Mittermayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8150","article-title":"Effects of dose and gender on the growth and growth factor response to GH in GH-deficient children: implications for efficacy and safety","volume":"87","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0178","article-title":"Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children","volume":"95","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2513","article-title":"Efficacy and safety results of long-term growth hormone treatment of idiopathic short stature","volume":"90","author":"Kemp","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0372-6","article-title":"A review of guidelines for use of growth hormone in pediatric and transition patients","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0509","article-title":"Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop","volume":"93","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020071623344070700_B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2139","article-title":"Variable degree of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) sensitivity in children with idiopathic short stature compared with GH-deficient patients: evidence from an IGF-based dosing study of short children","volume":"95","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B214","first-page":"3115","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of 5-year growth hormone (GH) therapy in children treated with GH for idiopathic short stature","volume":"83","author":"Saenger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000330165","article-title":"Metabolic benefits of growth hormone therapy in idiopathic short stature","volume":"76","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32836318ba","article-title":"Neuroendocrine consequences of traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Munoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0654","article-title":"GH deficiency after traumatic brain injury: improvement in quality of life with GH therapy: analysis of the KIMS database","volume":"172","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30470","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226244","article-title":"Brain Recovery after a plane crash: treatment with growth hormone (GH) and neurorehabilitation: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Devesa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.9.1.64","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in adults and children\u20142003 update [published correction appears in Endocr Pract. 2008;14(6):802\u2013803]","volume":"9","author":"Gharib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0179","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Molitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10762","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1636","article-title":"Congenital growth hormone (GH) deficiency and atherosclerosis: effects of GH replacement in GH-naive adults","volume":"92","author":"Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071623344070700_B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0062","article-title":"Arrest of atherosclerosis progression after interruption of GH replacement in adults with congenital isolated GH deficiency","volume":"166","author":"Araujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328362c7a2","article-title":"Long-term effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Wolfgram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases3020056","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Vogt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00215","article-title":"Systematic review: the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1035","article-title":"Growth hormone doping in sports: a critical review of use and detection strategies","volume":"33","author":"Baumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00005","article-title":"Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw081","article-title":"Prenatal undernutrition and physical function and frailty at the age of 68 years: the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study","volume":"71","author":"Bleker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"6761","key":"2020071623344070700_B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00279-X","article-title":"Association between type 2 diabetes and prenatal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932\u201333: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Lumey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215626110","article-title":"Quantification of excess risk for diabetes for those born in times of hunger, in an entire population of a nation, across a century","volume":"110","author":"Thurner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071623344070700_B233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049720","article-title":"Impact of fetal and infant exposure to the Chinese Great Famine on the risk of hypertension in adulthood","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B234","first-page":"3069","article-title":"Higher hepatic miR-29 expression in undernourished male rats during the postnatal period targets the long-term repression of IGF-1","volume":"156","author":"Sohi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071623344070700_B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1603","article-title":"Birth weight is associated with the IGF-1 response to GH in children: programming of the anabolic action of GH","volume":"100","author":"Donzeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-258442","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction disrupts developmental epigenetics around distal growth hormone response elements on the rat hepatic IGF-1 gene","volume":"29","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1648","article-title":"Effects of maternal global nutrient restriction on fetal baboon hepatic insulin-like growth factor system genes and gene products","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2013.870169","article-title":"Early-life growth hormone treatment to offspring of undernourished mothers alters metabolic parameters in primary adipocytes in adulthood","volume":"32","author":"Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.08.003","article-title":"Nutrition in early life and age-associated diseases","volume":"39","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"2020071623344070700_B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.761","article-title":"Timing and tempo of first-year rapid growth in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in early adulthood","volume":"301","author":"Leunissen","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.12.013","article-title":"Short children born small for gestational age outcomes in the era of growth hormone therapy","volume":"38","author":"Zanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2017","article-title":"Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society","volume":"92","author":"Clayton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000339829","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity modulates the growth response during the first year of high-dose growth hormone treatment in short prepubertal children born small for gestational age","volume":"78","author":"Gies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020071623344070700_B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E503","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3469","article-title":"Genetic markers of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are associated with spontaneous postnatal growth and response to growth hormone treatment in short SGA children: the North European SGA Study (NESGAS)","volume":"100","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000353438","article-title":"Baseline IGF-I levels determine insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during the first year on growth hormone therapy in children born small for gestational age. Results from a North European Multicentre Study (NESGAS)","volume":"80","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200201000-00014","article-title":"The somatotropic axis in short children born small for gestational age: relation to insulin resistance","volume":"51","author":"Woods","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00269","article-title":"Bone mineral density after cessation of GH treatment in young adults born SGA: a 5-year longitudinal study","volume":"102","author":"Smeets","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00214","article-title":"Mortality in children receiving growth hormone treatment of growth disorders: data from the Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study","volume":"102","author":"Quigley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020071623344070700_B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4342","article-title":"High postnatal growth hormone levels are related to cognitive deficits in a group of children born very preterm","volume":"100","author":"Scratch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020071623344070700_B250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1759","article-title":"Liver mTOR controls IGF-I bioavailability by regulation of protein kinase CK2 and IGFBP-1 phosphorylation in fetal growth restriction","volume":"155","author":"Abu Shehab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071623344070700_B251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2003.10.015","article-title":"Fetal growth and adult diseases","volume":"28","author":"Ozanne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020071623344070700_B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.04.016","article-title":"Association between maternal nutritional extremes and offspring mortality: a population-based cross-sectional study, Brazil, Demographic Health Survey 2006","volume":"31","author":"Felisbino-Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320172210.25242016","article-title":"Nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Brazil: evidence of nutritional epidemiological polarisation","volume":"22","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.12.1244","article-title":"Hormone-treated Snell dwarf mice regain fertility but remain long lived and disease resistant","volume":"59","author":"Vergara","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071623344070700_B255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9971-0","article-title":"IGF-1 has sexually dimorphic, pleiotropic, and time-dependent effects on healthspan, pathology, and lifespan","volume":"39","author":"Ashpole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020071623344070700_B256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1649","article-title":"Disruption of the GH receptor gene in adult mice increases maximal lifespan in females","volume":"157","author":"Junnila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020071623344070700_B257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220717","article-title":"Growth hormone-deficient dwarf animals are resistant to dimethylbenzanthracine (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis","volume":"143","author":"Ramsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071623344070700_B258","author":"Thorner"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/40\/2\/575\/28072885\/er.2018-00216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article-pdf\/40\/2\/575\/28072885\/er.2018-00216.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T10:53:08Z","timestamp":1720867988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edrv\/article\/40\/2\/575\/5253327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"references-count":258,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-769X","1945-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-769X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]}}}