{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:06:04Z","timestamp":1790193964375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known of the natural history of thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). This is important because in 1993 they were identified as a frequent cause of death, yet only small retrospective studies and case reports exist. We report results of a prospective study of 85 patients with MEN1 evaluated for pancreatic endocrine tumors and followed over a mean of 8 yr with serial chest computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest x-ray, and, since 1994, octreoscans [somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS)]. Seven patients (8%) developed thymic carcinoids. Patients with and without carcinoids did not differ in clinical, laboratory, or MEN1 tumor features, except for male gender and the presence of a gastric carcinoid. All thymic tumors were hormonally inactive. Four thymic carcinoids lacked 11q loss of heterozygosity, although it was found in three pancreatic endocrine tumors. Computed tomography and\/or MRI were more sensitive than SRS or chest x-ray in detecting tumors initially or with recurrence. All patients underwent resection of the thymic carcinoid, and in all patients followed more than 1 yr, the tumor recurred. Bone metastases developed in two patients and were detected early only on MRI, not SRS. This study provides information on early thymic carcinoids and allows modifications of existing guidelines to be recommended for their diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,10]],"date-time":"2003-03-10T21:02:44Z","timestamp":1047330164000},"page":"1066-1081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Prospective Study of Thymic Carcinoids in Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Fathia","family":"Gibril","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch (F.G., Y-J.C., K.H., L.K.E., B.A., R.T.J.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch (F.G., Y-J.C., K.H., L.K.E., B.A., R.T.J.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Schrump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Section (D.S.S.), Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Vortmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathogenesis Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch (A.V., Z.Z., I.A.L.) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, NIH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengping","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathogenesis Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch (A.V., Z.Z., I.A.L.) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, NIH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Lubensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathogenesis Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch (A.V., Z.Z., I.A.L.) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, NIH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department (J.C.R.), Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Louie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Radiology Department (A.L.), Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence K.","family":"Entsuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch (F.G., Y-J.C., K.H., L.K.E., B.A., R.T.J.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kane","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch (F.G., Y-J.C., K.H., L.K.E., B.A., R.T.J.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Asgharian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch (F.G., Y-J.C., K.H., L.K.E., B.A., R.T.J.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch (F.G., Y-J.C., K.H., L.K.E., B.A., R.T.J.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071616441632200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-6-199809150-00011","article-title":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: clinical and genetic topics.","volume":"129","author":"Marx","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R2","first-page":"591","article-title":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: clinical features and management","author":"Metz","year":"1994","journal-title":"In: Bilezekian JP, Levine MA, Marcus R, eds. The parathyroids. New York: Raven Press;"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1993.01420180085016","article-title":"Cause of death in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"128","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197204)29:4<1075::AID-CNCR2820290457>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Mediastinal endocrine neoplasm in patients with multiple endocrine adenomatosis. A previously unrecognized association.","volume":"29","author":"Rosai","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199807000-00015","article-title":"Thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"228","author":"Teh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R6","first-page":"430","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid in association with MEN syndromes.","volume":"58","author":"Zeiger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1998.00281.x","article-title":"Management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"243","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1991.01410320017001","article-title":"The natural history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. Highly uncommon or highly unrecognized.","volume":"126","author":"Shepherd","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5658","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8070","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2.","volume":"86","author":"Brandi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199701000-00002","article-title":"Clinicopathologic studies of thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"76","author":"Teh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90323-9","article-title":"Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be the initial endocrine manifestation in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1.","volume":"97","author":"Benya","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8011","article-title":"Prospective study of the natural history of gastrinoma in patients with MEN1: definition of an aggressive and a nonaggressive form.","volume":"86","author":"Gibril","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200011000-00004","article-title":"Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: clinical presentation in 261 patients.","volume":"79","author":"Roy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00004","article-title":"Assessment and prediction of long-term cure in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: the best approach.","volume":"119","author":"Fishbeyn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200105000-00005","article-title":"Gastric secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: correlation with clinical expression, tumor extent and role in diagnosis. A prospective NIH study of 235 patients and review of the literature in 984 cases.","volume":"80","author":"Roy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-9-713","article-title":"Secretin and calcium provocative tests in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective study.","volume":"111","author":"Frucht","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-1-199607010-00005","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its sensitivity compared with that of other imaging methods in detecting primary and metastatic gastrinomas: a prospective study.","volume":"125","author":"Gibril","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200110000-00009","article-title":"Comparison of surgical results in patients with advanced and limited disease with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.","volume":"234","author":"Norton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.3.1040","article-title":"Bone metastases in patients with gastrinomas: a prospective study of bone scanning, somatostatin receptor scanning, and MRI in their detection, their frequency, location and effect of their detection on management.","volume":"16","author":"Gibril","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410902","article-title":"Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.","volume":"341","author":"Norton","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10195","article-title":"Prospective study of the anti-tumor efficacy of long-term octreotide treatment in patients with progressive metastatic gastrinomas.","volume":"94","author":"Shojamanesh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90670-1","article-title":"Prospective study of chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastrinoma.","volume":"94","author":"Schrenck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90965-F","article-title":"An evaluation of human recombinant \u03b1 interferon in patients with metastatic gastrinoma.","volume":"105","author":"Pisegna","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R24","first-page":"707","article-title":"Isolated familial somatotropinomas: establishment of linkage to chromosome 11q13.1\u201311q13.3 and evidence for a potential second locus at chromosome 2p16\u201312.","volume":"85","author":"Gadelha","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-375","article-title":"Somatic mutation of the MEN1 gene in parathyroid tumours.","volume":"16","author":"Heppner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197204)29:4<1061::AID-CNCR2820290456>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Mediastinal endocrine neoplasm, of probable thymic origin, related to carcinoid tumor. Clinicopathologic study of 8 cases.","volume":"29","author":"Rosai","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1988.tb02765.x","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid in a case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A case report.","volume":"32","author":"Jose","year":"1988","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s001040050163","article-title":"Surgical therapy of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus.","volume":"68","author":"Cupisti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chirurg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s005950170134","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: report of a case.","volume":"31","author":"Sugiura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R30","first-page":"718","article-title":"Thymus carcinoid tumor and multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1).","volume":"23","author":"Eberle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Internist (Berl)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R31","first-page":"253","article-title":"Unusual features of multiple endocrine neoplasia.","volume":"40","author":"Frilling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Henry Ford Hosp Med J"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R32","first-page":"252","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid in familial multiple endocrine adenomatosis.","volume":"95","author":"Manes","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343648","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid and parathyroid hyperplasia detection with 99mTc-MIBI men type 1.","volume":"22","author":"Mari","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02919551","article-title":"Thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1.","volume":"49","author":"Hirai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R35","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Parathyroid hyperplasia, thymic carcinoid and pituitary adenoma detected with technetium-99m-MIBI in MEN type I.","volume":"38","author":"Perez-Monte","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R36","first-page":"61","article-title":"A case of carcinoid tumour of the thymus in association with hyperparathyroidism.","volume":"7","author":"Isenberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/14017439950142046","article-title":"Multiple endocrine neoplastic-associated thymic carcinoid tumor in close relatives: octreotide scan as a new diagnostic and follow-up modality.","volume":"33","author":"Satta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(01)71713-7","article-title":"Type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia associated to thymic carcinoid. Clinical and genetic study of one case.","volume":"116","author":"Paja Fano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199606000-00017","article-title":"Imaging of a mediastinal thymic carcinoid tumor with radiolabeled somatostatin analogue.","volume":"21","author":"Cadigan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(82)80053-8","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the thymus with multiple endocrine adenomatosis.","volume":"175","author":"Floros","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.139.5.1001","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid tumors with hyperparathyroidism.","volume":"139","author":"Birnberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(80)80013-1","article-title":"Prolactinomas in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I. Relationship to HLA and carcinoid tumors.","volume":"69","author":"Farid","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R43","first-page":"70","article-title":"Association of thoracic carcinoid tumor and hyperparathyroidism. Presentation of 2 cases.","volume":"178","author":"Palacios","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R44","first-page":"50","article-title":"Case 5: carcinoid of ectopic parathyroid","volume":"IV","author":"Traylor","year":"1967","journal-title":"Penrose Cancer Seminar"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1982.00790530060015","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the thymus associated with a parathyroid adenoma.","volume":"108","author":"Vener","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(87)90305-9","article-title":"Carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes.","volume":"154","author":"Duh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-3-364","article-title":"Carcinoid of the thymus with hereditary hyperparathyroidism.","volume":"89","author":"Lokich","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0339(199612)15:5<439::AID-DC17>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Spindle-cell thymic carcinoid occurring in multiple endocrine neoplasia I: fine-needle aspiration findings in a case.","volume":"15","author":"Dusenbery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.1998.93107","article-title":"The variable penetrance and spectrum of manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"124","author":"Carty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(96)70409-9","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid): a clinicopathologic study of fourteen cases.","volume":"111","author":"deMontpreville","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R51","first-page":"3487","article-title":"A large multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 family with clinical expression suggestive of anticipation.","volume":"82","author":"Giraud","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R52","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Multiple allelic deletions and intratumoral genetic heterogeneity in MEN1 pancreatic tumors.","volume":"86","author":"Hessman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R53","first-page":"246","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the thymus: a clinicopathologic report of seven cases with a review of the literature.","volume":"55","author":"Wick","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.45.753","article-title":"A family of MEN1 with a novel germline missense mutation and benign polymorphisms.","volume":"45","author":"Miyauchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1058672","article-title":"Thymus carcinoid in multiple endocrine neoplasms.","volume":"119","author":"Zahner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.9.653","article-title":"Clinical studies of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1).","volume":"89","author":"Trump","year":"1996","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R57","first-page":"426","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid and multiple endocrine neoplasia.","volume":"152","author":"Blayney","year":"1990","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1996.tb02130.x","article-title":"Genetic screening in hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: absence of a founder effect among Japanese families.","volume":"87","author":"Sakurai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R59","first-page":"1616","article-title":"Thymic and bronchial neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. GENEM1.","volume":"26","author":"Murat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R60","first-page":"213","article-title":"Recurrent thymic carcinoid tumor with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome: a case report.","volume":"45","author":"Kanno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R61","first-page":"875","article-title":"A case of thymic carcinoid with multiple endocrine neoplasm (MEN)-type I.","volume":"52","author":"Kondo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kyobu Geka"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R62","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Diverse expression of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"144","author":"Dreijerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576706000710","article-title":"Pluriglandular syndrome: multiple endocrine neoplasia.","volume":"60","author":"Hill","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R64","first-page":"72","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the thymus.","volume":"152","author":"Venkatesh","year":"1990","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80713-5","article-title":"Oncogene expression in follicular neoplasms of the thyroid.","volume":"164","author":"Auguste","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/110241599750007171","article-title":"Thymic carcinoid in the pancreas: metastatic disease or new primary tumours.","volume":"165","author":"Axelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2001.109500","article-title":"Malignant endocrine tumors in patients with MEN1 disease.","volume":"129","author":"Dotzenrath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R68","first-page":"21","article-title":"Thymus carcinoid associated with type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia.","volume":"106","author":"Cerezo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01348.x","article-title":"Malignant thymic carcinoid is not prevented by transcervical thymectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"55","author":"Burgess","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2000.109727","article-title":"Pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: surgery or surveillance?","volume":"128","author":"Bartsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R71"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R72","article-title":"Rajasoorya RC Familial MEN1\u2014revisiting traditional dogma\u2014unusual presentations in the first Singapore family with a novel genetic mutation","volume-title":"Eighth International Workshop on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia","author":"Lim","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R73","article-title":"Skogseid B Clinics and genetics in Men 1 related advanced thymic carcinoids: a triple case report including genome wide screening for genetic alterations","volume-title":"Eighth International Workshop on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia","author":"Grimfjard","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R74","article-title":"Galway AB Carcinoid tumours in MEN-1 (Burin)","volume-title":"Eighth International Workshop on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia","author":"Green","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R75","article-title":"surgical and genetic studies of 12 cases of thymic neuro endocrine tumors (th-NET) among a cohort of 574 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) cases","volume-title":"Eighth International Workshop on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia","author":"Goudet","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01535.x","article-title":"Ectopic growth hormone-releasing hormone secretion by thymic carcinoid tumour.","volume":"57","author":"Boix","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90124-8","article-title":"Determinants of metastatic rate and survival in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective long-term study.","volume":"108","author":"Weber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R78","first-page":"285","article-title":"Evaluation of 342 cases of mediastial\/thymic carcinoids collected from literature: a comparative study between typical carcinoids and atypical varieties.","volume":"5","author":"Soga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.3471213.x","article-title":"Acromegaly and Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic production of GHRH and ACTH by a thymic carcinoid tumour: in vitro responses to GHRH and GHRP-6.","volume":"48","author":"Jansson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1998.00329.x","article-title":"Thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.","volume":"243","author":"Teh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R81","first-page":"28","article-title":"Somatostatin receptors in the thymus.","volume":"31","author":"Ferone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.143s027","article-title":"Physiological and pathophysiological role of somatostatin receptors in the human thymus","volume":"143","author":"Ferone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R83","first-page":"144","article-title":"Peptide therapy","author":"Jensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Recent advances in the use of somatostatin and other peptide receptor agonists and antagonists. In: Lewis JH, Dubois A, eds. Current clinical topics in gastrointestinal pharmacology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc.;"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00181765","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients.","volume":"20","author":"Krenning","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R85","first-page":"1704","article-title":"Peptide receptor imaging and therapy.","volume":"41","author":"Kwekkeboom","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199902000-00007","article-title":"Recurrent ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone producing thymic carcinoid detected with octreotide imaging.","volume":"24","author":"Silva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R87","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Tumeur carcinoide thymique responable d\u2019un syndrome de cushsing paraneoplasique.","volume":"25","author":"Matejka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R88","first-page":"634","article-title":"In vivo detection of malignant thymic masses by indium-111-DTPA-D-Phel-octreotide scintigraphy.","volume":"39","author":"Lastoria","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R89","first-page":"1602","article-title":"Detection of bone metastases in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: bone scintigraphy compared with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy.","volume":"40","author":"Lebtahi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199709000-00012","article-title":"Aggressive forms of gastric neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type I.","volume":"21","author":"Bordi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R91","first-page":"2238","article-title":"Allelic deletions on chromosome 11q13 in multiple endocrine neoplasia type-I-associated sporadic gastrinomas and pancreatic endocrine tumors.","volume":"57","author":"Debelenko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70171-9","article-title":"The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene locus is involved in the pathogenesis of type II gastric carcinoids.","volume":"113","author":"Debelenko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(90)90087-M","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the thymus.","volume":"50","author":"Economopoulos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(98)01063-7","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumor (thymic carcinoid): a clinicopathologic study in 15 patients.","volume":"67","author":"Fukai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90061-8","article-title":"The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of locally unresectable or metastatic carcinoid tumors.","volume":"20","author":"Schupak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950315)75:6<1386::AID-CNCR2820750622>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Radiation therapy in the management of patients with malignant carcinoid tumors.","volume":"75","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R97","first-page":"584","article-title":"A case report of a large thymic carcinoid.","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"2020071616441632200_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(87)90101-5","article-title":"Objective response of malignant carcinoid to radiation therapy.","volume":"13","author":"Abrams","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/88\/3\/1066\/9148945\/jcem1066.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/88\/3\/1066\/9148945\/jcem1066.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T23:23:28Z","timestamp":1594941808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/88\/3\/1066\/2845179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021314","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]}}}