{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:22:15Z","timestamp":1791246135896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disorder also known as DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness). WFS seems to be a heterogeneous disease that has not yet been fully characterized in terms of clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms because the number of patients in most series was small.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In this study we describe 31 Lebanese WFS patients belonging to 17 families; this, to our knowledge, is the largest number of patients reported in one series so far. Criteria for diagnosis of WFS were the presence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy unexplained by any other disease. Central diabetes insipidus was found in 87% of the patients, and sensorineural deafness confirmed by audiograms was present in 64.5%. Other less frequent features included neurological and psychiatric abnormalities, urodynamic abnormalities, limited joint motility, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in males, and diabetic microvascular disease. New features, not reported in previous descriptions, such as heart malformations and anterior pituitary dysfunction, were recognized in some of the patients and participated in the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Genetic analysis revealed WFS1 gene mutations in three families (23.5%), whereas no abnormalities were detected in mitochondrial DNA.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In conclusion, WFS is a devastating disease for the patients and their families. More information about WFS will lead to a better understanding of this disease and hopefully to improvement in means of its prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,7]],"date-time":"2004-04-07T22:23:39Z","timestamp":1081376619000},"page":"1656-1661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Diabetes Mellitus and Optic Atrophy: A Study of Wolfram Syndrome in the Lebanese Population"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Medlej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.M., G.H.), Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology (P.B.), Ho\u0302tel Dieu Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.A., I.S.), American University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Salti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.A., I.S.), American University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Loiselet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics (J.L.), Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, 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