{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:43:10Z","timestamp":1791240190323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate whether an impaired Leydig cell function is present in severely oligospermic men, serum testosterone (T), LH, estradiol (E2), and SHBG levels in 357 idiopathic infertile men were compared with levels in 318 proven fertile men. In addition, the T\/LH ratio, E2\/T ratio, and calculated free T index (cFT) were compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A shift toward lower serum T levels, cFT, and T\/LH ratio and higher serum LH, E2, and E2\/T levels was observed in the group of infertile men. On average, the infertile men had 18, 26, and 34% lower serum T, cFT, and T\/LH levels, respectively, and 19, 18, and 33% higher serum LH, E2, and E2\/T levels, respectively, than the fertile men. Twelve percent of the infertile men had a serum T level that fell below the 2.5 percentile of the fertile levels, and 15% of the infertile men had a LH level that was above the 97.5 percentile of the fertile levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thus, the group of infertile men showed significant signs of impaired Leydig cell function in parallel to their impaired spermatogenesis. The association of decreased spermatogenesis and impaired Leydig cell function might reflect a disturbed paracrine communication between the seminiferous epithelium and the Leydig cells, triggered by distorted function of the seminiferous epithelium. On the other hand, the parallel impairment of spermatogenesis and Leydig cells may reflect a congenital dysfunction of both compartments caused by a testicular dysgenesis during fetal\/infant development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,7]],"date-time":"2004-07-07T13:44:07Z","timestamp":1089207847000},"page":"3161-3167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["Impaired Leydig Cell Function in Infertile Men: A Study of 357 Idiopathic Infertile Men and 318 Proven Fertile Controls"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"A.-M.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Frydelund-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Rajpert-De Meyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. E.","family":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071618165381100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects.","volume":"16","author":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.1.173","article-title":"Impaired testicular function in patients with carcinoma in situ of the testis.","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-35-3-392","article-title":"Hormonal, histological and genetic studies on male infertility.","volume":"35","author":"De Kretser","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R4","first-page":"317","article-title":"[Radioimmunological assay of testosterone and gonadotropins in plasma and seminal fluid of healthy subjects and patients with dysspermia].","volume":"5","author":"De Aloysio","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Eur Fertil"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1975.tb01531.x","article-title":"Indices of gonadal function in the human male. 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Plasma levels of unconjugated steroids and gonadotrophins under normal and pathological conditions.","volume":"4","author":"Purvis","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0900544","article-title":"Endocrine testicular function in vivo and in vitro in infertile men.","volume":"90","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Cophen)"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1986.tb01837.x","article-title":"Hormonal and seminal parameters in infertile men.","volume":"18","author":"Bruno","year":"1986","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2020071618165381100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.1995.tb00619.x","article-title":"Serum estradiol levels in normal men and men with idiopathic 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