{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:51:43Z","timestamp":1791910303854,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The GH-IGF-I axis is disturbed in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether abnormalities are found in patients in very good glycemic control and, if so, to estimate the role of residual \u03b2-cell function. Patients with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) less than 6% (reference range, 3.6\u20135.4%) were selected for the study. Twenty-two men and 24 women, aged 41.3 \u00b1 13.8 yr (mean \u00b1 sd), with a diabetes duration of 17.8 \u00b1 14.6 yr participated. Healthy controls (15 women and nine men), aged 41.3 \u00b1 13.0 yr, were also studied. Overnight fasting serum samples were analyzed for HbA1c, C peptide, free and total IGFs, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), GH-binding protein, and IGFBP-3 proteolysis. HbA1c was 5.6 \u00b1 0.5% in patients and 4.4 \u00b1 0.3% in controls. Total IGF-I was 148 \u00b1 7 \u03bcg\/liter in patients and 178 \u00b1 9 \u03bcg\/liter in controls (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Free IGF-I, total IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and GH-binding protein were lower, whereas IGFBP-1, IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I, and IGFBP-2 were elevated compared with control values. Patients with detectable C peptide (\u2265100 pmol\/liter) had higher levels of total IGF-I, free IGF-I, and total IGF-II and lower levels of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 than those with an undetectable C peptide level despite having identical average HbA1c. IGFBP-3 proteolysis did not differ between patients and controls. Despite very good glycemic control, patients with type 1 diabetes and no endogenous insulin production have low free and total IGF-I. Residual \u03b2-cell function, therefore, seems more important for the disturbances in the IGF system than good metabolic control per se, suggesting that portal insulin delivery is needed to normalize the IGF system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,3]],"date-time":"2004-12-03T23:47:38Z","timestamp":1102117658000},"page":"6305-6309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Residual \u03b2-Cell Function More than Glycemic Control Determines Abnormalities of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Hedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine (C.A.H., T.L., H.J.A.), S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Frystyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital (J.F., J.-W.C., A.F., H.\u00d8.), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torbjo\u0308rn","family":"Lindstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine (C.A.H., T.L., H.J.A.), S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital (J.F., J.-W.C., A.F., H.\u00d8.), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Flyvbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital (J.F., J.-W.C., A.F., H.\u00d8.), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"\u00d8rskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital (J.F., J.-W.C., A.F., H.\u00d8.), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J","family":"Arnqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine (C.A.H., T.L., H.J.A.), S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Care and Division of Cell Biology (H.J.A.), Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071618325857400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00425888","article-title":"Diurnal patterns of blood glucose, serum free fatty acids, insulin, glucagon and growth hormone in normals and juvenile diabetics.","volume":"6","author":"Hansen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2020071618325857400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.33.8.790","article-title":"Effect of glycemic control on serum insulin-like growth factors in diabetes mellitus.","volume":"33","author":"Merimee","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071618325857400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.33.12.1175","article-title":"Effect of diabetes and its control on insulin-like growth factors in the young subject with type I diabetes.","volume":"33","author":"Amiel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071618325857400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-3-651","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor I levels in adult diabetic patients: the effect of age.","volume":"63","author":"Tan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618325857400_R5","first-page":"101","article-title":"IGF-I and diabetes in adolescence.","volume":"24","author":"Dunger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2020071618325857400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1590297","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor system components and relationship to bone metabolism in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.","volume":"159","author":"Jehle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071618325857400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702273360907","article-title":"Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. 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