{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:11:51Z","timestamp":1791893511024,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Context: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are conditions at high risk for the development of hypopituitarism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: The objective of the study was to clarify whether pituitary deficiencies and normal pituitary function recorded at 3 months would improve or worsen at 12 months after the brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Design and Patients: Pituitary function was tested at 3 and 12 months in patients who had TBI (n = 70) or SAH (n = 32).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: In TBI, the 3-month evaluation had shown hypopituitarism (H) in 32.8%. Panhypopituitarism (PH), multiple (MH), and isolated (IH) hypopituitarism had been demonstrated in 5.7, 5.7, and 21.4%, respectively. The retesting demonstrated some degree of H in 22.7%. PH, MH, and IH were present in 5.7, 4.2, and 12.8%, respectively. PH was always confirmed at 12 months, whereas MH and IH were confirmed in 25% only. In 5.5% of TBI with no deficit at 3 months, IH was recorded at retesting. In 13.3% of TBI with IH at 3 months, MH was demonstrated at 12-month retesting. In SAH, the 3-month evaluation had shown H in 46.8%. MH and IH had been demonstrated in 6.2 and 40.6%, respectively. The retesting demonstrated H in 37.5%. MH and IH were present in 6.2 and 31.3%, respectively. Although no MH was confirmed at 12 months, two patients with IH at 3 months showed MH at retesting; 30.7% of SAH with IH at 3 months displayed normal pituitary function at retesting. In SAH, normal pituitary function was always confirmed. In TBI and SAH, the most common deficit was always severe GH deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: There is high risk for H in TBI and SAH patients. Early diagnosis of PH is always confirmed in the long term. Pituitary function in brain-injured patients may improve over time but, although rarely, may also worsen. Thus, brain-injured patients must undergo neuroendocrine follow-up over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,7]],"date-time":"2005-11-07T19:27:48Z","timestamp":1131391668000},"page":"6085-6092","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":291,"title":["Residual Pituitary Function after Brain Injury-Induced Hypopituitarism: A Prospective 12-Month Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Aimaretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (G.A., S.R., E.G.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies (M.R.A., E.C.d.U.), Section of Endocrinology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Di Somma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology (C.D.S., G.L.), University of Naples Federico II\u00f8, 80138 Naples, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Gasperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.G., E.M.), University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Cannavo\u0300","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pharmacology (S.C., S.B.), Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Scaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (C.S., F.M.), Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (A.F., L.D.M.), Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Del Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (P.D.M.), Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genova, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"De Menis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Endocrinology (E.D.M.), Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Faustini-Fustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (M.F.-F.), Bellaria Hospital, 40139 Bologna, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (F.G.), S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Logoluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (F.L.), University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Razzore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (P.R.), S. Croce e Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Rovere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (G.A., S.R., E.G.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Benvenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pharmacology (S.C., S.B.), Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore Ciro","family":"degli Uberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies (M.R.A., E.C.d.U.), Section of Endocrinology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"De Marinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (A.F., L.D.M.), Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology (C.D.S., G.L.), University of Naples Federico II\u00f8, 80138 Naples, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Mantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (C.S., F.M.), Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enio","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.G., E.M.), University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Endocrinology (G.G.), Chairman of the Study Group on Physiopathology of GH Secretion"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezio","family":"Ghigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (G.A., S.R., E.G.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071617474963900_R1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Pituitary changes in head trauma (analysis of 102 consecutive cases of head injury).","volume":"3","author":"Ceballos","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ala J Med Sci"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198609000-00001","article-title":"Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: six cases and a review of the literature.","volume":"65","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R3","first-page":"145","article-title":"Hypopituitarism","author":"Lissett","year":"1996","journal-title":"In: DeGroot LJ, Jameson JL, eds. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders;"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6506","article-title":"Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma.","volume":"85","author":"Benvenga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.5.0743","article-title":"Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report.","volume":"93","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R6","first-page":"2752","article-title":"Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury.","volume":"86","author":"Lieberman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R7","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199912000-00009","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: a public health perspective.","volume":"14","author":"Thurman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6258.101","article-title":"Epidemiology of head injury.","volume":"282","author":"Jennett","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90363-H","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Johannesburg II. Morbidity, mortality and etiology.","volume":"33","author":"Nell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/026990597123205","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in South Australia.","volume":"11","author":"Hillier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347526","article-title":"Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury (TBI): a guideline decalogue. Athens TBI and Hypopituitarism Study Group.","volume":"27","author":"Casanueva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00721.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic derangement in traumatized patients: growth hormone (GH) and prolactin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and GH-releasing hormone.","volume":"50","author":"De Marinis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02023.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine dysfunction in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury.","volume":"60","author":"Agha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0511","article-title":"Anterior pituitary dysfunction in survivors of traumatic brain injury.","volume":"89","author":"Agha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0146","article-title":"Prevalence of pituitary deficiency in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"89","author":"Kreitschmann-Andermahr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041269713","article-title":"Occurrence of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury.","volume":"21","author":"Bondanelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02094.x","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury.","volume":"61","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0001-6314.2003.00189.x","article-title":"Fatigue after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage evaluated by pituitary function and 3D-CBF.","volume":"109","author":"Brandt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198109000-00002","article-title":"Pituitary hormone response to head injury.","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198809000-00011","article-title":"Plasma pituitary hormone levels in severe trauma with or without head injury.","volume":"28","author":"Chiolero","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199808000-00030","article-title":"Provocative hypothalamopituitary axis tests in severe head injury: correlations with severity and prognosis.","volume":"26","author":"Della Corte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91583-1","article-title":"Traumatic infarction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.","volume":"2","author":"Daniel","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R24","first-page":"242","article-title":"Pituitary lesions in craniocerebral injuries.","volume":"88","author":"Kornblum","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.1.165","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions following closed head injury.","volume":"94","author":"Crompton","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R26","first-page":"Saunders","article-title":"Textbook of clinical neurology","volume":"FL","author":"Goetz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orlando,"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R27","first-page":"165","article-title":"The anterior pituitary","author":"Thorner","year":"1998","journal-title":"In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Reed Larsen P, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.;"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R28","first-page":"73","article-title":"Clinical aspects of the pituitary gland","author":"Faglia","year":"2001","journal-title":"In: Pinchera A, ed. Endocrinology and metabolism. London: McGraw-Hill International;"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02254-5","article-title":"Pituitary insufficiency.","volume":"352","author":"Lamberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:15:1:029","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing hormone combined with arginine or growth hormone secretagogues for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults.","volume":"15","author":"Ghigo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R31","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Comparison between insulin-induced hypoglycemia and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone + arginine as provocative tests for the diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults.","volume":"83","author":"Aimaretti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01794.x","article-title":"Diagnostic reliability of a single IGF-I measurement in 237 adults with total anterior hypopituitarism and severe GH deficiency.","volume":"59","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8216","article-title":"HyposCCS Advisory Board; U.S. HypoCCS Study Group. Which patients do not require a GH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency?","volume":"87","author":"Hartman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021094","article-title":"The usefulness of the combined growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and arginine stimulation test in the diagnosis of radiation-induced GH deficiency is dependent on the post-irradiation time interval.","volume":"88","author":"Darzy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/02699059409151009","article-title":"Male pituitary-gonadal dysfunction following severe traumatic brain injury.","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01691.x","article-title":"Transient hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism after head trauma: effects on steroid precursors and correlation with sympathetic nervous system activity.","volume":"25","author":"Woolf","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2297-2","article-title":"The low-dose corticotropin stimulation test in acute traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury: incidence of hypo-responsiveness and relationship to outcome.","volume":"30","author":"Dimopoulou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2020071617474963900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2257-x","article-title":"Endocrine abnormalities in critical care patients with moderate-to-severe head trauma: incidence, pattern and predisposing factors.","volume":"30","author":"Dimopoulou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/90\/11\/6085\/10777699\/jcem6085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/90\/11\/6085\/10777699\/jcem6085.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T23:38:26Z","timestamp":1594942706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/90\/11\/6085\/2838429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-0504","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.9005.466494","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]}}}