{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:26:51Z","timestamp":1785929211351,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Context: GHRH excess from extracranial endocrine tumors is known to cause somatotroph hyperplasia and acromegaly. Hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing GHRH are also known to be associated with pituitary adenomas causing acromegaly.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe a case of acromegaly due to a pulmonary GHRH-secreting endocrine carcinoma with metastasis to the pituitary gland and to look at the peculiar histological features of this case.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Subject: The patient was a 44-yr-old woman who was diagnosed with a biopsy-proven metastatic pulmonary endocrine tumor during pregnancy. After delivery, she underwent radiation and chemotherapy for pulmonary and skeletal metastases. Her disease was clinically stable for 7 yr until she developed bitemporal hemianopia. She had symptoms and signs of acromegaly.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods: Imaging, biochemical, and histological studies were performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain confirmed the presence of a 2.6-cm lesion within the sella turcica extending above the sella and compressing the optic chiasm. Endocrine studies showed elevated serum levels of GH, prolactin, \u03b1-subunit of glycoprotein hormones, IGF-I, chromogranin A, and GHRH. The patient underwent uneventful transsphenoidal resection of the sellar tumor. Postoperatively, she noted an improvement in symptoms of acromegaly. Histological examination confirmed metastatic endocrine carcinoma to the pituitary, and immunohistochemistry localized GHRH to the tumor cells. The adjacent pituitary exhibited somatotroph hyperplasia with abundant reactivity for GH and \u03b1-subunit. In addition, there was focal neoplastic transformation to a sparsely granulated somatotroph phenotype with fibrous bodies.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion: This is the first report of a GHRH-producing endocrine tumor metastasizing to the pituitary and causing local hyperstimulation with somatotroph hyperplasia and adenomatous transformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,13]],"date-time":"2006-09-13T02:25:13Z","timestamp":1158114313000},"page":"4776-4780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Acromegaly and Somatotroph Hyperplasia with Adenomatous Transformation Due to Pituitary Metastasis of a Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone-Secreting Pulmonary Endocrine Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.N.), Neurological Surgery (A.M.), and Neurosciences and Anatomic Pathology (S.M.S.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.N.), Neurological Surgery (A.M.), and Neurosciences and Anatomic Pathology (S.M.S.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Mayberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Neuroscience Institute (M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98122"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Staugaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.N.), Neurological Surgery (A.M.), and Neurosciences and Anatomic Pathology (S.M.S.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia L.","family":"Asa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.L.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071613400990000_R1","author":"Asa","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705811","article-title":"Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma associated with pituitary growth hormone cell adenoma and acromegaly","volume":"52","author":"Asa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-5-796","article-title":"A case for hypothalamic acromegaly: a clinicopathological study of six patients with hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing growth hormone-releasing factor","volume":"58","author":"Asa","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.5.1425411","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas in mice transgenic for growth hormone-releasing hormone","volume":"131","author":"Asa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-9-3-357","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing tumors: clinical, biochemical, and morphological manifestations","volume":"9","author":"Sano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880715)62:2<445::AID-CNCR2820620233>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Reversible sellar enlargement due to growth hormone-releasing hormone production by pancreatic endocrine tumors in a acromegalic patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Ramsay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc926","article-title":"The pathogenesis of pituitary tumours","volume":"2","author":"Asa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R8","first-page":"177","article-title":"Anterior pituitary","author":"Melmed","year":"2003","journal-title":"In: Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders;"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R9","author":"Harris","year":"1996"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0014","article-title":"The diagnosis and medical management of advanced neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"25","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.10-2-123","article-title":"Metastatic carcinoid tumors: a clinical review","volume":"10","author":"Zuetenhorst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:4<813::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors","volume":"79","author":"Modlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R13","first-page":"2622","article-title":"Chromogranin A as serum marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia: comparison with neuron-specific enolase and the \u03b1-subunit of glycoprotein hormones","volume":"82","author":"Nobels","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-3-423","article-title":"Immunohistological localization of growth hormone-releasing hormone in human tumors","volume":"60","author":"Asa","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2311048.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of the ectopic GH-releasing hormone syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Losa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/300276a0","article-title":"Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour","volume":"300","author":"Rivier","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.24.7909","article-title":"Growth hormone releasing factor, somatocrinin, releases pituitary growth hormone in vitro","volume":"79","author":"Brazeau","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R18","first-page":"1356","article-title":"Acromegaly caused by a growth hormone-releasing hormone-secreting carcinoid tumor: case report","volume":"50","author":"Altstadt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R19","first-page":"3241","article-title":"Pituitary somatotroph adenoma producing growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) with an elevated plasma GHRH concentration: a model case for autocrine and paracrine regulation of GH secretion by GHRH","volume":"84","author":"Akira","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R20","first-page":"769","article-title":"Overexpression of the growth-hormone-releasing hormone gene in acromegaly-associated pituitary tumors. An event associated with neoplastic progression and aggressive behavior","volume":"151","author":"Thapar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2020071613400990000_R21","first-page":"555","article-title":"Somatotroph hyperplasia without pituitary adenoma associated with a long standing growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing bronchial carcinoid","volume":"78","author":"Ezzat","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/91\/12\/4776\/9059672\/jcem4776.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/91\/12\/4776\/9059672\/jcem4776.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:21:41Z","timestamp":1594945301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/91\/12\/4776\/2656267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-0610","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]}}}