{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:33:35Z","timestamp":1772166815626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,4]],"date-time":"2007-09-04T20:24:30Z","timestamp":1188937470000},"page":"4208-4217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["17-Hydroxyprogesterone Responses to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Disclose Distinct Phenotypes of Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Renato","family":"Pasquali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (R.P., L.P., A.G.), Gynepro Medical, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (R.P., L.P., A.G.), Gynepro Medical, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Pocognoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Sant\u2019Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, and Day-Surgery Center (P.P., G.E.C.), Gynepro Medical, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graciela Estela","family":"Cognigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Sant\u2019Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, and Day-Surgery Center (P.P., G.E.C.), Gynepro Medical, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Gambineri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (R.P., L.P., A.G.), Gynepro Medical, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200904","article-title":"Pituitary-ovarian responses to nafarelin testing in the polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"320","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207163270304","article-title":"Detection of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism in women with androgen excess.","volume":"327","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70070-0","article-title":"Ovarian and adrenal function in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53510-9","article-title":"Dysreglulation of cytochrome P450c17\u03b1 as the cause of polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"53","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1210\/er.16.3.322","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion.","volume":"16","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R6","first-page":"556","article-title":"17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone responses to leuprolide and serum androgens in obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome after dietary weight loss.","volume":"82","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608293350902","article-title":"Decrease in ovarian cytochrome P450c17\u03b1 activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"335","author":"Nestler","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R8","first-page":"4075","article-title":"Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decreases in ovarian P450c17\u03b1 activity and serum androgens.","volume":"82","author":"Nestler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-21-11-1440","article-title":"Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women.","volume":"21","author":"Ferriman","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R10","first-page":"377","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach","author":"Zawadzki","year":"1992","journal-title":"In: Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR, eds. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Boston: Blackwell Scientific;"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.9.2353","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in a large cohort of Mediterranean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Phenotype and associated factors.","volume":"53","author":"Gambineri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R12","year":"1997"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.936","article-title":"A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies.","volume":"36","author":"Baecke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2250","article-title":"Treatment with flutamide, metformin, and their combination added to a hypocaloric diet in overweight-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, 12-month, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"91","author":"Gambineri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6079","article-title":"A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum.","volume":"84","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing.","volume":"22","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R18","author":"Siegel","year":"1956"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R19","author":"Levene","year":"1960"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R20","first-page":"3408","article-title":"Acute hormonal response to the gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist leuprolide: dose-response studies and comparison to nafarelin. A clinical research center study.","volume":"81","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R21","first-page":"130","article-title":"Comparison of the suppressive capacity of different depot gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in women.","volume":"77","author":"Filicori","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02611.x","article-title":"Pituitary-ovarian response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist test in anovulatory patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: predictive role of ovarian stroma.","volume":"65","author":"Fulghesu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb01767.x","article-title":"17-Hydroxyprogesterone response to buserelin testing in the polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"39","author":"Sahin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135980","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of polycystic ovaries is associated with exaggerated ovarian androgen and oestradiol responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment.","volume":"10","author":"Suikkari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E902","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00415.2003","article-title":"17-Hydroxyprogesterone response to intravenous infusion of recombinant LH in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"286","author":"McCartney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R26","first-page":"4000","article-title":"Adrenal androgen excess in women: lack of a role for 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase dysregulation.","volume":"80","author":"Azziz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1214","article-title":"Significantly higher adrenocorticotropin-stimulated cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in 337 consecutive, premenopausal, caucasian, hirsute patients compared with healthy controls.","volume":"90","author":"Glintborg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1470473","article-title":"A comparison between the effects of low dose (1 mg) and standard dose (250 mg) ACTH stimulation tests on adrenal P450c17\u03b1 enzyme activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"147","author":"Colak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019405","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of steroidogenesis and cell proliferation in polycystic ovarian syndrome.","volume":"11","author":"Takayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.20.4.0374","article-title":"The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease.","volume":"20","author":"Porestky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-5-904","article-title":"Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism.","volume":"62","author":"Barbieri","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000292575","article-title":"Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubation of minced porcine theca.","volume":"37","author":"Barbieri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.8.7595","article-title":"Interactive stimulation by luteinizing hormone and insulin of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/17\u201320 lyase (CYP17) genes in porcine theca cells.","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1180211","article-title":"Differential regulation of pig theca cell steroidogenesis by LH, insulin-like factor I and granulosa cells in serum-free culture.","volume":"118","author":"Shores","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod40.4.735","article-title":"Insulin enhances luteinizing hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis by porcine theca cells.","volume":"40","author":"Morley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72919-2","article-title":"Effect of estradiol on bovine thecal cell function in vitro: dependence on insulin and gonadotropin.","volume":"88","author":"Spicer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R37","first-page":"995","article-title":"Normal ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries have hyperandrogenic pituitary-ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist testing.","volume":"85","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8308","article-title":"Troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione, represses combined stimulation by LH and insulin of de novo androgen biosynthesis by theca cells in vitro.","volume":"87","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113574355300_R39","first-page":"1626","article-title":"Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","author":"Azziz","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/92\/11\/4208\/9051937\/jcem4208.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T16:48:44Z","timestamp":1556815724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/92\/11\/4208\/2598267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2007-0870","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1104650.560710","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}}}