{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:48:18Z","timestamp":1780735698978,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Context: High-dose glucocorticoids cause acute protein loss by increasing protein breakdown and oxidation. Whether lower glucocorticoid doses, typical of therapeutic use, induce sustained catabolism has not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Objective: Our objective was to assess the effect of acute and chronic therapeutic glucocorticoid doses on protein metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Design and Setting: We conducted an open longitudinal and a cross-sectional study at a clinical research facility.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Patients and Intervention: Ten healthy subjects were studied before and after a short course of prednisolone (5 and 10 mg\/d sequentially for 7 d each). Twelve subjects with inactive polymyalgia rheumatica receiving chronic (&amp;gt;12 months) prednisone (mean = 5.0 \u00b1 0.8 mg\/d) were compared with 12 age- and gender-matched normal subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Main Outcome Measure: Whole-body protein metabolism was assessed using a 3-h primed constant infusion of 1-[13C]leucine, from which rates of leucine appearance (leucine Ra, an index of protein breakdown), leucine oxidation (Lox, index of protein oxidation) and leucine incorporation into protein (LIP, index of protein synthesis) were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Prednisolone induced an acute significant increase in Lox (P = 0.008) and a fall in LIP (P = 0.08) but did not affect leucine Ra. There was no significant difference between the effects of the 5- and 10-mg prednisolone doses on leucine metabolism. In subjects receiving chronic prednisone therapy, leucine Ra, Lox, and LIP were not significantly different from normal subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion: Glucocorticoids stimulate protein oxidation after acute but not chronic administration. This time-related change suggests that glucocorticoid-induced stimulation of protein oxidation does not persist but that a metabolic adaptation occurs to limit protein loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,25]],"date-time":"2007-07-25T01:04:15Z","timestamp":1185325455000},"page":"3923-3929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Impact of Acute and Chronic Low-Dose Glucocorticoids on Protein Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Morton G.","family":"Burt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales (M.G.B., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, 2052 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital (M.G.B., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"},{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research (M.G.B., G.J., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudmundur","family":"Johannsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research (M.G.B., G.J., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Margot","family":"Umpleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology (A.M.U.), GKT School of Medicine, St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Chisholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales (M.G.B., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, 2052 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital (M.G.B., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"},{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research (M.G.B., G.J., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken K. Y.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales (M.G.B., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, 2052 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital (M.G.B., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"},{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research (M.G.B., G.J., D.J.C., K.K.Y.H.), Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071614225433500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291404","article-title":"The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.","volume":"329","author":"Owen Jr","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.3.444","article-title":"Magnitude of body-cell-mass depletion and the timing of death from wasting in AIDS.","volume":"50","author":"Kotler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107031","article-title":"Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","volume":"166","author":"Marquis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R4","first-page":"2791","article-title":"Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing\u2019s disease.","volume":"80","author":"Wajchenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R5","first-page":"5301","article-title":"Body composition and metabolic features in women with adrenal incidentaloma or Cushing\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"86","author":"Garrapa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02488.x","article-title":"Characterization of the metabolic phenotypes of Cushing\u2019s syndrome and growth hormone deficiency: a study of body composition and energy metabolism.","volume":"64","author":"Burt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92749-0","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome\u2013killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis.","volume":"2","author":"Ross","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R8","first-page":"E712","article-title":"Glucocorticosteroids increase leucine oxidation and impair leucine balance in humans","volume":"257","author":"Beaufrere","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114694","article-title":"Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans.","volume":"86","author":"Horber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R10","first-page":"379","article-title":"RU 486 prevents the acute effects of cortisol on glucose and leucine metabolism.","volume":"80","author":"Garrel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/93.2.105","article-title":"Use of oral corticosteroids in the United Kingdom.","volume":"93","author":"van Staa","year":"2000","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7053.344","article-title":"Use of oral corticosteroids in the community and the prevention of secondary osteoporosis: a cross sectional study.","volume":"313","author":"Walsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R13","first-page":"1686","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient humans: differential effects on protein, glucose, lipid, and calcium metabolism.","volume":"85","author":"Mauras","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R14","first-page":"E1050","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on postprandial protein metabolism in growth hormone-deficient adults","volume":"274","author":"Russell-Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00525.x","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone on protein metabolism in adult growth hormone deficient patients.","volume":"38","author":"Russell-Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021943","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement on protein metabolism in GH-deficient adults.","volume":"88","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4657","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7887","article-title":"A prospective study of 5 years of GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults: sustained effects on body composition, bone mass, and metabolic indices.","volume":"86","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0031","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response.","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.5.633","article-title":"Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women: direct measurements reveal a strong relationship in subjects at both low and high risk of NIDDM.","volume":"45","author":"Carey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R20","first-page":"381","article-title":"Body composition and energy expenditure in acromegaly.","volume":"78","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.1.168","article-title":"Bromide space determination using anion-exchange chromatography for measurement of bromide.","volume":"50","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0553","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of testosterone and growth hormone on extracellular water in hypopituitary men.","volume":"90","author":"Johannsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1426","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00524.2006","article-title":"Protein metabolism in glucocorticoid excess: study in Cushing\u2019s syndrome and the effect of treatment","volume":"292","author":"Burt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R24","first-page":"4344","article-title":"How is whole body protein turnover perturbed in growth hormone-deficient adults?","volume":"83","author":"Hoffman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R25","first-page":"E646","article-title":"Use of reciprocal pool specific activities to model leucine metabolism in humans","volume":"249","author":"Schwenk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R26","first-page":"E385","article-title":"Plasma reciprocal pool specific activity predicts that of intracellular free leucine for protein synthesis","volume":"257","author":"Horber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90110-2","article-title":"The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry: a review.","volume":"37","author":"Ferrannini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1511","article-title":"Beneficial postprandial effect of a small amount of alcohol on diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: modification by insulin resistance.","volume":"90","author":"Greenfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199108000-00015","article-title":"A physical activity questionnaire for the elderly.","volume":"23","author":"Voorrips","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)86021-1","article-title":"Measurement of branched chain amino acids and branched chain \u03b1-ketoacids in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.","volume":"232","author":"Nissen","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(84)90431-7","article-title":"Use of t-butyldimethylsilylation in the gas chromatographic\/mass spectrometric analysis of physiologic compounds found in plasma using electron-impact ionization.","volume":"141","author":"Schwenk","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90181-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of growth-hormone deficiency in adults.","volume":"343","author":"Hoffman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R34","first-page":"1918","article-title":"Estrogens exert route- and dose-dependent effects on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 and the acid-labile subunit of the IGF ternary complex.","volume":"85","author":"Kam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1949.2.1.1","article-title":"Fallacy of per-weight and per-surface area standards, and their relation to spurious correlations.","volume":"2","author":"Tanner","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E92","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00366.2003","article-title":"Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism","volume":"286","author":"Short","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R37","first-page":"E990","article-title":"Relationship of resting metabolic rate to body composition and protein turnover","volume":"258","author":"Welle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R38","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Regulation of protein metabolism in middle-aged, premenopausal women: roles of adiposity and estradiol.","volume":"85","author":"Toth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R39","first-page":"E552","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on glucocorticoid-induced protein catabolism in humans","volume":"270","author":"Oehri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0908","article-title":"Effect of short-term prednisone use on blood flow, muscle protein metabolism, and function.","volume":"89","author":"Short","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.170.2.2911678","article-title":"Body fat distribution measured with CT: correlations in healthy subjects, patients with anorexia, and patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"170","author":"Mayo-Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/030097498440967","article-title":"The effect of glucocorticoids on fat and lean tissue masses in giant cell arteritis.","volume":"27","author":"Nordborg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430667","article-title":"Bone mass and body composition of adult women with congenital virilizing 21-hydroxylase deficiency after glucocorticoid treatment since infancy.","volume":"143","author":"Hagenfeldt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021074","article-title":"Normal bone mineral density and lean body mass, but increased fat mass, in young adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.","volume":"88","author":"Stikkelbroeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R45","first-page":"278","article-title":"Glucocorticoids antagonize insulin\u2019s antiproteolytic action on skeletal muscle in humans.","volume":"79","author":"Louard","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R46","first-page":"2136","article-title":"Branched chain amino acids activate messenger ribonucleic acid translation regulatory proteins in human skeletal muscle, and glucocorticoids blunt this action.","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01388.x","article-title":"Muscle protein synthesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of chronic corticosteroid therapy on prostaglandin F2\u03b1 availability.","volume":"21","author":"Gibson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071614225433500_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01810","article-title":"Very short term dehydroepiandrosterone treatment in female adrenal failure: impact on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.","volume":"152","author":"Christiansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/92\/10\/3923\/9051931\/jcem3923.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/92\/10\/3923\/9051931\/jcem3923.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1594951681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/92\/10\/3923\/2598293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2007-0951","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]}}}