{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:19:55Z","timestamp":1777889995788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Context: The effect of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use on cardiovascular risk in African-American women is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Objective: Our objective was to examine in African-American women the effect of OCP use on insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and triglycerides (TGs).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Design: This was a cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Setting: The study was conducted at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Participants: A total of 104 healthy nondiabetic African-American women [21 OCP users, 83 controls, age mean \u00b1 sd, 34.7 \u00b1 7.6 yr, body mass index (BMI) 31 \u00b1 8.4 kg\/m2] was included in the study.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Interventions: Subjects had oral glucose tolerance tests, insulin-modified frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance tests, and fasting lipid profiles. Insulin resistance was determined by the insulin sensitivity index (SI).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Main Outcome Measures: Insulin resistance, glucose tolerance status, and TG levels were determined.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Fasting glucose did not differ between OCP users and controls (P = 0.27). In contrast, compared with controls, 2-h glucose (135 \u00b1 23 vs.120 \u00b1 25 mg\/dl; P = 0.01) and fasting TGs (73 \u00b1 31 vs.57 \u00b1 27 mg\/dl; P = 0.02) were higher in OCP users. OCP users tended to be more insulin resistant than controls (SI: 2.51 \u00b1 2.01 vs. 3.46 \u00b1 2.09; P = 0.09). Multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI, age, and OCP use were significant determinants of 2-h glucose (adjusted R2 = 0.37; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and TG levels (adjusted R2 = 0.21; P &amp;lt; 0.001). As BMI was a determinant of both 2-h glucose and TGs, participants were divided into nonobese and obese groups, and the analyses repeated. Among the nonobese women, the OCP users were more insulin resistant (SI: 2.91 \u00b1 1.58 vs. 4.35 \u00b1 1.88; P = 0.03) and had a higher prevalence of glucose intolerance than controls (odds ratio 5.7; 95% confidence interval 1.4\u201324; P = 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion: In African-American women, OCP use is associated with an increase in markers of cardiovascular risk manifested by increased insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and elevated TGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,12]],"date-time":"2008-03-12T03:33:44Z","timestamp":1205292824000},"page":"2097-2103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effect of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives on Metabolic Risk Factors in African-American Women"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Frempong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madia","family":"Ricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071613294384800_R1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982\u20132002","author":"Mosher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"2020071613294384800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.4065\/81.7.949","article-title":"Hormonal contraception update.","volume":"81","author":"David","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"2020071613294384800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91395-Q","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic considerations of long-term oral contraceptive use","volume":"166","author":"Godsland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071613294384800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.2.215","article-title":"Oral contraceptives in the United States: trends in content and potency.","volume":"16","author":"Piper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071613294384800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1958","article-title":"Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis.","volume":"90","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613294384800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00008","article-title":"Epidemiology of oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"128","author":"Chasan-Taber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613294384800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.12.019","article-title":"The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation.","volume":"75","author":"Dinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2020071613294384800_R8","first-page":"199","article-title":"The Postmenopausal Estrogen\/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. 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