{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:11:24Z","timestamp":1790377884430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,4]],"date-time":"2008-11-04T21:15:08Z","timestamp":1225833308000},"page":"469-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Metabolic and Hormonal Changes Induced by Pioglitazone in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Vanita R.","family":"Aroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (V.R.A., T.P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093"},{"name":"MedStar Research Institute (V.R.A.), Washington, D.C. 20003"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore P.","family":"Ciaraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (V.R.A., T.P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paivi","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunder","family":"Mudaliar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (V.R.A., T.P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Clopton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (V.R.A., T.P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Jeffrey","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine (R.J.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (V.R.A., T.P.C., P.B., P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), San Diego, California 92161"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (V.R.A., T.P.C., S.P., S.M., R.R.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032046","article-title":"The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population.","volume":"89","author":"Azziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R2","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study.","volume":"83","author":"Knochenhauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R3","first-page":"165","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women.","volume":"84","author":"Legro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.9.1165","article-title":"Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"38","author":"Dunaif","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R5","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Impaired adipocyte lipolysis in nonobese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible link to insulin resistance?","volume":"82","author":"Ek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2004.09.003","article-title":"Adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and severe insulin resistance.","volume":"12","author":"Sepilian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347474","article-title":"Serum adiponectin in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and its relation to clinical, metabolic and endocrine parameters.","volume":"27","author":"Sieminska","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.04.046","article-title":"Circulating and cellular adiponectin in polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to glucose tolerance and insulin action.","volume":"89","author":"Aroda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R9","first-page":"1686","article-title":"Studies of the nature of 17-hydroxyprogesterone hyperresponsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist challenge in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism.","volume":"79","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207163270304","article-title":"Detection of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism in women with androgen excess.","volume":"327","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/10.1.75","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of androgen production by human thecal cells in vitro.","volume":"10","author":"Nahum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R12","first-page":"59","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach","author":"Zawadzki","year":"1992","journal-title":"In: Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR, eds. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Oxford, UK: Blackwell;"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R13","first-page":"71","article-title":"Manipulation of human ovarian function: physiological concepts and clinical consequences.","volume":"18","author":"Fauser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R14","first-page":"E214","article-title":"Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance","volume":"237","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.9.1597","article-title":"Intravenous glargine and regular insulin have similar effects on endogenous glucose output and peripheral activation\/deactivation kinetic profiles.","volume":"25","author":"Mudaliar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114468","article-title":"Intracellular glucose oxidation and glycogen synthase activity are reduced in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes independent of impaired glucose uptake.","volume":"85","author":"Thorburn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1419","volume":"57","author":"Mather","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02331","article-title":"Rosiglitazone treatment increases plasma levels of adiponectin and decreases levels of resistin in overweight women with PCOS: a randomized placebo-controlled study.","volume":"156","author":"Majuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.31.229","article-title":"Adiponectin levels associated with the development of hypertension: a prospective study.","volume":"31","author":"Imatoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.086835","article-title":"Hypoadiponectinemia as a predictor for the development of hypertension: a 5-year prospective study.","volume":"49","author":"Chow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk001","article-title":"Association of adiponectin with coronary heart disease and mortality: the Rancho Bernardo study.","volume":"165","author":"Laughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0015","article-title":"Diet\/exercise versus pioglitazone: effects of insulin sensitization with decreasing or increasing fat mass on adipokines and inflammatory markers.","volume":"91","author":"Shadid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16767","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100040200","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones but not metformin directly inhibit the steroidogenic enzymes p450c17 and 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.","volume":"276","author":"Arlt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.111242","article-title":"Troglitazone is a competitive inhibitor of 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme in the ovary.","volume":"184","author":"Gasic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.028902","article-title":"Pioglitazone inhibits androgen production in NCI-H295R cells by regulating gene expression of CYP17 and HSD3B2.","volume":"71","author":"Kempna\u0301","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(98)00177-4","article-title":"Role of cytochrome P450c17 in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"145","author":"Qin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0329","article-title":"Insulin augmentation of 17\u03b1-hydroxylase activity is mediated by phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1\/2 in human ovarian theca cells.","volume":"145","author":"Munir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608293350902","article-title":"Decreases in ovarian cytochrome p450c17\u03b1 activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"335","author":"Nestler","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345339","article-title":"The effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on insulin resistance and serum androgen levels in obese and lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.25.2.244.56943","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"25","author":"Stout","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.21","article-title":"Metformin treatment reduces ovarian cytochrome P-450c17\u03b1 response to human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"15","author":"Marca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.12.067","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone on glucose metabolism and luteinizing hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"86","author":"Glintborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1040","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone secretion is not influenced by insulin infusion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome despite improved insulin sensitivity during pioglitazone treatment.","volume":"90","author":"Mehta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114163437800_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2656","article-title":"Evidence for insulin suppression of baseline luteinizing hormone in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and normal women.","volume":"93","author":"Lawson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/94\/2\/469\/9058480\/jcem0469.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T22:43:29Z","timestamp":1557873809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/94\/2\/469\/2598109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1133","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}}}