{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:09:34Z","timestamp":1777666174466,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many women experience menopausal symptoms during the menopausal transition and postmenopausal years. Hot flashes, the most common symptom, typically resolve after several years, but for 15\u201320% of women, they interfere with quality of life. For these women, estrogen therapy, the most effective treatment for hot flashes, should be considered. The decision to use hormone therapy involves balancing the potential benefits of hormone therapy against its potential risks. Accumulating data suggest that initiation of estrogen many years after menopause is associated with excess coronary risk, whereas initiation soon after menopause is not. Therefore, most now agree that short-term estrogen therapy, using the lowest effective estrogen dose, is a reasonable option for recently menopausal women with moderate to severe symptoms who are in good cardiovascular health. Short-term therapy is considered to be not more than 4\u20135 yr because symptoms diminish after several years, whereas the risk of breast cancer increases with longer duration of hormone therapy. A minority of women may need long-term therapy for severe, persistent vasomotor symptoms after stopping hormone therapy. However, these women should first undergo trials of nonhormonal options such as gabapentin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, returning to estrogen only if these alternatives are ineffective or cause significant side effects. Low-dose vaginal estrogens are highly effective for genitourinary atrophy symptoms, with minimal systemic absorption and endometrial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,4]],"date-time":"2008-12-04T15:59:28Z","timestamp":1228406368000},"page":"4567-4575","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Approach to the Patient with Menopausal Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Kathryn Ann","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (K.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071613282981600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26F","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)02219-6","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of cardiovascular disease: the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"90","author":"Grodstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.","volume":"288","author":"Writing Group for the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Investigators","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030808","article-title":"Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease.","volume":"349","author":"Manson","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.7.605","article-title":"Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen\/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group.","volume":"280","author":"Hulley","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.1.49","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen\/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II).","volume":"288","author":"Grady","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701","article-title":"Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.","volume":"291","author":"Writing Group for the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Investigators","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.3.357","article-title":"Conjugated equine estrogens and the risk of coronary heart disease: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative.","volume":"166","author":"Hsia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm213","article-title":"Invited commentary: hormone therapy and risk of coronary heart disease\u2014why renew the focus on the early years of menopause?","volume":"166","author":"Manson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000177906.94515.ff","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy: new questions and the case for new clinical trials.","volume":"13","author":"Manson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31817b076a","article-title":"Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 Position statement of the North American Menopause Society.","volume":"15","author":"Utian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.9.865","article-title":"Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women.","volume":"153","author":"Gold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02909-0","article-title":"Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW).","volume":"76","author":"Soules","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60346-3","article-title":"Menopause.","volume":"371","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.066936","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race\/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women\u2019s health across the nation.","volume":"96","author":"Gold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-12_Part_1-200506210-00117","article-title":"National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: management of menopause-related symptoms.","volume":"142","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.5.463","article-title":"Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial\/ethnic population of women 40\u201355 years of age.","volume":"152","author":"Gold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200205000-00003","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the treatment of hot flushes: the population study of women in Gothenburg during a quarter of a century.","volume":"9","author":"Ro\u0308dstro\u0308m","year":"2002","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.8.840","article-title":"Persistent hot flushes in older postmenopausal women.","volume":"168","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R19","first-page":"351","article-title":"A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms.","volume":"96","author":"Dennerstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.0138","article-title":"Symptoms during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause and their relation to endocrine levels over time: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women\u2019s Health Study.","volume":"16","author":"Woods","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31805170eb","article-title":"The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Position statement of the North American Menopause Society 2007","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.20.2370","article-title":"Relationship of day-to-day reproductive hormone levels to sleep in midlife women.","volume":"165","author":"Kravitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1262","article-title":"Severe hot flashes are associated with chronic insomnia.","volume":"166","author":"Ohayon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3180321a22","article-title":"Sleep disturbance in menopause.","volume":"14","author":"Freedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.4.385","article-title":"Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition\u2014the Harvard Study of moods and cycles.","volume":"63","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000158120.47542.18","article-title":"Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative.","volume":"105","author":"Barnabei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000196592.36711.a0","article-title":"Cognitive function across the life course and the menopausal transition in a British birth cohort.","volume":"13","author":"Kok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200007040-00008","article-title":"Memory functioning among midlife women: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women\u2019s Health Study.","volume":"7","author":"Woods","year":"2000","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.35","article-title":"Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation.","volume":"15","author":"Grodstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00389.x","article-title":"Brief report: coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Salpeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1465","article-title":"Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause.","volume":"297","author":"Rossouw","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071513","article-title":"Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification.","volume":"356","author":"Manson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-10-200505170-00011","article-title":"Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.","volume":"142","author":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R34","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Executive summary","volume":"104","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.8.861","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and stroke.","volume":"168","author":"Grodstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.17.2123","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study.","volume":"288","author":"Zander","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2651","article-title":"Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"289","author":"Shumaker","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130500042417","article-title":"KEEPS: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study","volume":"8","author":"Harman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R39","volume-title":"Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estrogen (ELITE) Web site","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R40","first-page":"2334","article-title":"The menopause transition and postmenopausal hormone therapy","author":"Manson","year":"2008","journal-title":"In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R41","author":"Manson","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0708481","article-title":"Hormonal contraception in women of older reproductive age.","volume":"358","author":"Kaunitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.02.010","article-title":"Venous thromboembolic disease in users of low-estrogen combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives.","volume":"70","author":"Sidney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R44","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Characterization of reproductive hormonal dynamics in the perimenopause.","volume":"81","author":"Santoro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(95)00184-C","article-title":"Incidence of ovulation in perimenopausal women before and during hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"52","author":"Gebbie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200606000-00055","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin no. 73: use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions.","volume":"107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002978.pub2","article-title":"Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen\/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes","author":"MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002978"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.13.1610","article-title":"Commonly used types of postmenopausal estrogen for treatment of hot flashes: scientific review","volume":"291","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji279","article-title":"Estrogen-plus-progestin use and mammographic density in postmenopausal women: women\u2019s health initiative randomized trial.","volume":"97","author":"McTiernan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3243","article-title":"Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Randomized Trial.","volume":"289","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.123","article-title":"Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer detection by means of mammography and breast biopsy.","volume":"168","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030311","article-title":"Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life.","volume":"348","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.529","article-title":"Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"58","author":"Soares","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 12B","key":"2020071613282981600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.09.035","article-title":"Vasomotor symptom relief versus unwanted effects: role of estrogen dosage","volume":"118","author":"Ettinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000284450.51264.31","article-title":"Lowest effective transdermal 17\u03b2-estradiol dose for relief of hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"110","author":"Bachmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl 12B","key":"2020071613282981600_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.09.051","article-title":"Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy","volume":"118","author":"Grady","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R57","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Predictors of difficulty when discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy.","volume":"102","author":"Grady","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-200040251","article-title":"Investigation of product quality between extemporaneously compounded progesterone vaginal suppositories and an approved progesterone vaginal gel.","volume":"30","author":"Mahaguna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000094356.92081.EF","article-title":"Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review.","volume":"11","author":"Boothby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R60","volume-title":"FDA takes action against compounded menopause hormone therapy drugs"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318157c0c9","article-title":"Parenteral versus oral treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen","volume":"14","author":"Stanczyck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106073442302","article-title":"Increased need for thyroxine in women with hypothyroidism during estrogen therapy.","volume":"344","author":"Arafah","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39555.441944.BE","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"336","author":"Canonico","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R64","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: endometrial hyperplasia and irregular bleeding","author":"Lethaby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000402"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590500099156","article-title":"Intrauterine levonorgestrel delivered by a frameless system, combined with systemic estrogen: acceptability and endometrial safety after 3 years of use in peri- and postmenopausal women.","volume":"20","author":"Wildemeersch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270033028","article-title":"Effects of estrogen or estrogen\/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen\/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial.","volume":"273","author":"The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9523-x","article-title":"Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study.","volume":"107","author":"Fournier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001500","article-title":"Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women","author":"Suckling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001500"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200007030-00005","article-title":"17\u03b2-estradiol vaginal tablet versus conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream to relieve menopausal atrophic vaginitis.","volume":"7","author":"Rioux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdj127","article-title":"Caution: vaginal estradiol appears to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors.","volume":"17","author":"Kendall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2057","article-title":"Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"295","author":"Nelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"2020071613282981600_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181679150","article-title":"Mayo Clinic and North Central Cancer Treatment Group hot flash studies: a 20-year experience","volume":"15","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000297371.89129.b3","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of desvenlafaxine succinate treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms.","volume":"111","author":"Speroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gyneol"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji005","article-title":"CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment.","volume":"97","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-12-200612190-00003","article-title":"Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial.","volume":"145","author":"Newton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199408113310602","article-title":"Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes.","volume":"331","author":"Loprinzi","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8141","article-title":"Tibolone for postmenopausal women: systematic review of randomized trials.","volume":"87","author":"Modelska","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800743","article-title":"The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women.","volume":"359","author":"Cummings","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071613282981600_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7542.667","article-title":"LIFT study is discontinued","volume":"332","author":"Cummings","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/93\/12\/4567\/9051682\/jcem4567.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/93\/12\/4567\/9051682\/jcem4567.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T12:23:35Z","timestamp":1632572615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/93\/12\/4567\/2627244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1272","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}}}