{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:49:58Z","timestamp":1791888598947,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Context: Assisted reproduction techniques are now commonly used. Although classic in vitro fertilization (IVF) started almost 30 yr ago, few long-term systematic prospective studies of children conceived with assisted reproduction have been performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Objective: Our objective was to investigate thyroid function in children conceived after IVF vs. naturally conceived controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Populations and Methods: A total of 106 children conceived after classic IVF and 68 naturally conceived controls, aged 4\u201314 yr, were studied. All children were thoroughly examined, and serum T3, T4, TSH, anti-thyroid peroxidase, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were measured. A second TSH determination and a thyroid ultrasound were performed for TSH higher than 5 \u03bcIU\/ml, and children were considered to have persistent hyperthyrotropinemia, if the TSH elevation was confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Seven IVF children but none of the controls had persistent elevations of circulating TSH, suggesting euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia or subclinical primary hypothyroidism (P = 0.044). TSH was significantly higher in the IVF group than in controls (P = 0.046), whereas no significant differences in the concentrations of T3 or T4 were observed. None of the children had detectable circulating antithyroid antibodies in either group.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: A significant elevation of serum TSH compatible with a mild TSH resistance of the thyroid were found in IVF children compared with controls. This was not due to the presence of antithyroid autoantibodies. We suggest that this might represent a slight epigenetic developmental abnormality related to the preimplantation manipulation of the embryo. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to better determine their etiopathogenesis and clinical significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]],"date-time":"2009-02-04T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1233718188000},"page":"1338-1341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Euthyroid Hyperthyrotropinemia in Children Born after in Vitro Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Sophia D.","family":"Sakka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes (S.D.S., G.P.C., C.K.-G.), First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadne","family":"Malamitsi-Puchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.M.-P.), Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Loutradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of In Vitro Fertilization (D.L.), First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George P.","family":"Chrousos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes (S.D.S., G.P.C., C.K.-G.), First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kanaka-Gantenbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes (S.D.S., G.P.C., C.K.-G.), First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071613574461100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.02.009","article-title":"Post-neonatal health and development of children born after assisted reproduction: a systematic review of controlled studies.","volume":"127","author":"Ludwig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2020071613574461100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.09.005","article-title":"Growth and development of children born after in vitro fertilization.","volume":"90","author":"Ceelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071613574461100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0701","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and growth in children born after assisted reproduction.","volume":"91","author":"Kai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613574461100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2465","article-title":"In vitro fertilization improves childhood growth and metabolism.","volume":"92","author":"Miles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613574461100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2896","article-title":"Body composition in children and adolescents born after in vitro fertilization or spontaneous conception.","volume":"92","author":"Ceelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613574461100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2432","article-title":"Cardiometabolic differences in children born after in vitro fertilization: follow-up study.","volume":"93","author":"Ceelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613574461100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.2.228","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease. 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