{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:04:27Z","timestamp":1793376267777,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Context: There has not been a comprehensive compilation of data regarding the epidemiology of all endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Evidence Acquisition: We included 54 disorders with clinical and public health significance. We identified population-based studies that provided U.S. prevalence and\/or incidence data by searching PubMed in December 2007 for English-language reports, hand-searching reference lists of six textbooks of endocrinology, obtaining additional resources from identified experts in each subspecialty, and searching epidemiological databases and web sites of relevant organizations. When available, we selected articles with data from 1998 or later. Otherwise, we selected the article with the most recent data, broadest geographical coverage, and most stratifications by sex, ethnicity, and\/or age. Ultimately, we abstracted data from 70 articles and 40 cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Evidence Synthesis: Endocrine disorders with U.S. prevalence estimates of at least 5% in adults included diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, osteopenia, mild-moderate hypovitaminosis D, erectile dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and thyroiditis. Erectile dysfunction and osteopenia\/osteoporosis had the highest incidence in males and females, respectively. The least prevalent conditions, affecting less than 1% of the U.S. population, were diabetes mellitus in children and pituitary adenoma. Conditions with the lowest incidence were adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and pituitary adenomas. Certain disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism and thyroid disorders, were more common in females. As expected, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was highest among ethnic minorities. Sparse data were available on pituitary, adrenal, and gonadal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: The current review shows high prevalence and incidence of common endocrine and metabolic disorders. Defining the epidemiology of these conditions will provide clues to risk factors and identify areas to allocate public health and research resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]],"date-time":"2009-06-03T17:50:55Z","timestamp":1244051455000},"page":"1853-1878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":460,"title":["Prevalence and Incidence of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in the United States: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Sherita H.","family":"Golden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (S.H.G., K.A.R., I.S., P.W.L.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"},{"name":"Epidemiology (S.H.G.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (S.H.G., K.A.R., I.S., P.W.L.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (S.H.G., K.A.R., I.S., P.W.L.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Anton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Welch Medical Library (B.A.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Ladenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (S.H.G., K.A.R., I.S., P.W.L.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071613055708900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0062","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132002.","volume":"29","author":"Cowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.8.1508-a","article-title":"Diabetes trends among American Indians and Alaska natives: 1990\u20131998.","volume":"24","author":"Mokdad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1030","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents using the definition from the International Diabetes Federation.","volume":"31","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R4","first-page":"765","volume":"57","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3322\/CA.2007.0010","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2008.","volume":"58","author":"Jemal","year":"2008","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021288","article-title":"A model to determine workforce needs for endocrinologists in the United States until 2020.","volume":"88","author":"Rizza","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R7","volume-title":"Greenspan\u2019s basic and clinical endocrinology","author":"Gardner","year":"2007","edition":"8th ed."},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R8","volume-title":"Williams textbook of endocrinology","author":"Larsen","year":"2003","edition":"10th ed."},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R9","volume-title":"Endocrinology","author":"DeGroot","year":"2005","edition":"5th ed."},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R10","volume-title":"Endocrinology: an integrated approach","author":"Nussey","year":"2001"},{"key":"2020071613055708900_R11","unstructured":"www.endotext.org website, published by\n          MDTEXT.COM, INC, S. 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