{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:58:11Z","timestamp":1779242291443,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,9]],"date-time":"2009-10-09T20:56:01Z","timestamp":1255121761000},"page":"4324-4333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Familial and Phenotypic Associations of the Aldosterone Renin Ratio"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Alvarez-Madrazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre (S.A.-M., S.P., R.F., E.D., J.M.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandosh","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre (S.A.-M., S.P., R.F., E.D., J.M.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bongani M.","family":"Mayosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.M.M., H.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.M.M., H.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics (P.A.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Michael","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.M.W.), Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre (S.A.-M., S.P., R.F., E.D., J.M.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre (S.A.-M., S.P., R.F., E.D., J.M.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Keavney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre (S.A.-M., S.P., R.F., E.D., J.M.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(02)00013-0","article-title":"Use of plasma aldosterone concentration-to-plasma renin activity ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism","volume":"31","author":"Montori","year":"2002","journal-title":"A systematic review of the literature. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031337","article-title":"Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents.","volume":"89","author":"Mulatero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0104","article-title":"Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.","volume":"93","author":"Funder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01817.x","article-title":"Prevalence and role of a raised aldosterone to renin ratio in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a debate on the scientific logic of the use of the ratio in practice.","volume":"59","author":"Padfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60834-X","article-title":"Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study.","volume":"371","author":"Douma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01687.x","article-title":"Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12% incidence among hypertensive drug trial volunteers.","volume":"20","author":"Gordon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)74868-6","article-title":"Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population","volume":"353","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.006","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism\u2013careful investigation is essential and rewarding.","volume":"217","author":"Stowasser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001321","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism, a common entity? The myth persists.","volume":"16","author":"Padfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.059","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients.","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0030","article-title":"A lifetime of aldosterone excess: Long-term consequences of altered regulation of aldosterone production for cardiovascular function.","volume":"29","author":"Connell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06017","article-title":"The new biology of aldosterone.","volume":"186","author":"Connell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2003.08.015","article-title":"Plasma renin activity levels in hypertensive persons: their wide range and lack of suppression in diabetic and in most elderly patients.","volume":"17","author":"Alderman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000116223.97436.e5","article-title":"Resistant hypertension, obesity, sleep apnea, and aldosterone: theory and therapy.","volume":"43","author":"Goodfriend","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1149","article-title":"The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling.","volume":"90","author":"Tiu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R16","first-page":"S387","article-title":"Renin Relationship to Sex, Race and Age in A Normotensive Population","volume":"4","author":"James","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Hypertens Suppl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.1.39","article-title":"Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin system in postmenopausal women.","volume":"95","author":"Schunkert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033263","article-title":"Serum aldosterone and the incidence of hypertension in nonhypertensive persons.","volume":"351","author":"Vasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000258554.87444.91","article-title":"Clinical and genetic correlates of aldosterone-to-renin ratio and relations to blood pressure in a community sample.","volume":"49","author":"Newton-Cheh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm399","article-title":"Plasma renin and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study.","volume":"28","author":"Parikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.2.703","article-title":"Aldosterone excretion rate and blood pressure in essential hypertension are related to polymorphic differences in the aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2.","volume":"33","author":"Davies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2492","article-title":"Association between common polymorphisms of the proopiomelanocortin gene and body fat distribution\u2014a family study.","volume":"54","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.027631","article-title":"A rare variant of the leptin gene has large effects on blood pressure and carotid intima-medial thickness: a study of 1428 individuals in 248 families.","volume":"42","author":"Gaukrodger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0870","article-title":"Genetic variation at the locus encompassing 11-\u03b2 hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase accounts for heritability in cortisol precursor (11-deoxycortisol) urinary metabolite excretion.","volume":"90","author":"Keavney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000249904.93940.7a","article-title":"Polymorphic variation in the 11 \u03b2-hydroxylase gene associates with reduced 11-hydroxylase efficiency.","volume":"49","author":"Barr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1481","article-title":"Association between aldosterone production and variation in the 11 \u03b2-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) gene.","volume":"91","author":"Imrie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.361","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure.","volume":"41","author":"Newton-Cheh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2165","article-title":"Adjusting for treatment effects in studies of quantitative traits: antihypertensive therapy and systolic blood pressure.","volume":"24","author":"Tobin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/ng786","article-title":"Merlin\u2014rapid analysis of dense genetic maps using sparse gene flow trees.","volume":"30","author":"Abecasis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.","volume":"81","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02519.x","article-title":"High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension.","volume":"21","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038478.59760.41","article-title":"Drug effects on aldosterone\/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism.","volume":"40","author":"Mulatero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R33","first-page":"258","article-title":"Estradiol-related and progesterone-related increases in the renin-aldosterone system\u2014studies during ovarian stimulation and early pregnancy.","volume":"79","author":"Sealey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.34.3.423","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype relationships for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in a normal population.","volume":"34","author":"Paillard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113464020300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000064344.00173.44","article-title":"Is altered adrenal steroid synthesis a key intermediate phenotype in hypertension?","volume":"41","author":"Connell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/94\/11\/4324\/9058765\/jcem4324.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T23:05:16Z","timestamp":1558566316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/94\/11\/4324\/2596532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-1406","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1293956.761054","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}}}