{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:59:29Z","timestamp":1791068369631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,18]],"date-time":"2010-03-18T01:44:16Z","timestamp":1268876656000},"page":"2458-2466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Increased Sympathetic and Decreased Parasympathetic Activity Rather Than Changes in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity Is Associated with Metabolic Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Carmilla M. M.","family":"Licht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (C.M.M.L., S.A.V., W.J.G.H., N.V., B.W.J.H.P.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie A.","family":"Vreeburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (C.M.M.L., S.A.V., W.J.G.H., N.V., B.W.J.H.P.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianne K. B.","family":"van Reedt Dortland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry (A.K.B.v.R., E.J.G., R.H.D., F.G.Z., B.W.J.H.P.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik J.","family":"Giltay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry (A.K.B.v.R., E.J.G., R.H.D., F.G.Z., B.W.J.H.P.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witte J. G.","family":"Hoogendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (C.M.M.L., S.A.V., W.J.G.H., N.V., B.W.J.H.P.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (W.J.G.H., E.J.C.d.G.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel H.","family":"DeRijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry (A.K.B.v.R., E.J.G., R.H.D., F.G.Z., B.W.J.H.P.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Vogelzangs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (C.M.M.L., S.A.V., W.J.G.H., N.V., B.W.J.H.P.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans G.","family":"Zitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry (A.K.B.v.R., E.J.G., R.H.D., F.G.Z., B.W.J.H.P.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eco J. C.","family":"de Geus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (W.J.G.H., E.J.C.d.G.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, and Department of Biological Psychology (E.J.C.d.G.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda W. J. H.","family":"Penninx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (C.M.M.L., S.A.V., W.J.G.H., N.V., B.W.J.H.P.), Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry (A.K.B.v.R., E.J.G., R.H.D., F.G.Z., B.W.J.H.P.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry (B.W.J.H.P.), University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38693.435301.80","article-title":"Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study","volume":"332","author":"Chandola","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000041502.43564.79","article-title":"Stress and the metabolic syndrome: an interesting but enigmatic association","volume":"106","author":"Hjemdahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.05.007","article-title":"Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Rosmond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0370","article-title":"Clinical review: the pathogenetic role of cortisol in the metabolic syndrome: a hypothesis","volume":"94","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-008-8022-5","article-title":"Perturbed autonomic nervous system function in metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Tentolouris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromol Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.032","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"49","author":"Gami","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2008.06.011","article-title":"Recent advances in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease","volume":"101","author":"Guize","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0423","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes: current state of the evidence","volume":"31","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000035721.12441.17","article-title":"Dissociation between reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system to repeated psychosocial stress","volume":"65","author":"Schommer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038364.26310.BD","article-title":"Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study","volume":"106","author":"Brunner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000147893.08533.d8","article-title":"Sympathetic neural activation in nondiabetic metabolic syndrome and its further augmentation by hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Huggett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.04.028","article-title":"Differential sympathetic activation in muscle and skin neural districts in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Grassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02686.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and short-term heart rate variability in young adults. The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study","volume":"26","author":"Koskinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.12.2116","article-title":"Multiple metabolic syndrome is associated with lower heart rate variability. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"21","author":"Liao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2008.01045.x","article-title":"The impact of the components of metabolic syndrome on heart rate variability: using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF definitions","volume":"31","author":"Min","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01363.x","article-title":"A twin study of metabolic syndrome and autonomic tone","volume":"20","author":"Gehi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)90013-2","article-title":"Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications","volume":"19","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01965.x","article-title":"Size at birth, the metabolic syndrome and 24-h salivary cortisol profile","volume":"60","author":"Kajantie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450165","article-title":"Salivary cortisol measurement in normal-weight, obese and anorexic women: comparison with plasma cortisol","volume":"145","author":"Putignano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00603.x","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke","volume":"247","author":"Rosmond","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.02.006","article-title":"Evidence for altered hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in systemic hypertension: blunted cortisol response to awakening and lower negative feedback sensitivity","volume":"32","author":"Wirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R22","first-page":"757","article-title":"Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations: a link between low birth weight and the insulin resistance syndrome?","volume":"83","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802715","article-title":"Central adiposity and cortisol responses to waking in middle-aged men and women","volume":"28","author":"Steptoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.256","article-title":"The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods","volume":"17","author":"Penninx","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.12.1358","article-title":"Association between major depressive disorder and heart rate variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)","volume":"65","author":"Licht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Vreeburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.5.563","article-title":"Psychological risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in elderly persons: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study","volume":"62","author":"Vogelzangs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.126698","article-title":"Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Licht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05137-6","article-title":"Ambulatory measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and respiration rate 9","volume":"41","author":"de Geus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02122.x","article-title":"Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram","volume":"33","author":"Willemsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00652.x","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic balance versus cardiac regulatory capacity","volume":"45","author":"Berntson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.04.024","article-title":"Associations between sociodemographic, sampling and health factors and various salivary cortisol indicators in a large sample without psychopathology","volume":"34","author":"Vreeburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1373\/49.8.1408","article-title":"Automated measurement of salivary cortisol","volume":"49","author":"van Aken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00108-7","article-title":"Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change","volume":"28","author":"Pruessner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)00996-1","article-title":"Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity","volume":"68","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.15.2.137","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01205.x","article-title":"A 5-year follow-up study of disease incidence in men with an abnormal hormone pattern","volume":"254","author":"Rosmond","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800838","article-title":"ACTH and cortisol response to combined corticotropin releasing hormone-arginine vasopressin stimulation in obese males and its relationship to body weight, fat distribution and parameters of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Pasquali","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6143403","article-title":"Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation","volume":"224","author":"Axelrod","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2003.09.006","article-title":"Modulation of sympathetic activity by corticotropin-releasing hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide","volume":"37","author":"Arlt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041114123778400_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-10-4-437","article-title":"Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin secretion","volume":"10","author":"Plotsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/95\/5\/2458\/9069737\/jcem2458.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T05:07:04Z","timestamp":1558933624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/95\/5\/2458\/2597561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2801","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}}}