{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:44:32Z","timestamp":1790480672019,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]],"date-time":"2010-07-07T13:38:00Z","timestamp":1278509880000},"page":"3094-3102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Approach to the Patient with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Roy E.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (R.E.W., A.D., S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"},{"name":"Pediatrics (R.E.W., S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (R.E.W., A.D., S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Refetoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (R.E.W., A.D., S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"},{"name":"Pediatrics (R.E.W., S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116474","article-title":"Identical mutations in unrelated families with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone occur in cytosine-guanine-rich areas of the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene. Analysis of 15 families.","volume":"91","author":"Weiss","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-27-2-279","article-title":"Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stuppled epiphyses, goiter and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to thyroid hormone.","volume":"27","author":"Refetoff","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R3","first-page":"348","article-title":"The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"14","author":"Refetoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R4","first-page":"336","article-title":"The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone: update 1994","author":"Refetoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"In: Braverman LE, Refetoff S, eds. Endocrine Reviews Monographs. Bethesda, MD: The Endocrine Society;"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(72)90121-7","article-title":"Studies of a sibship with apparent hereditary resistance to the intracellular action of thyroid hormone.","volume":"21","author":"Refetoff","year":"1972","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8977","article-title":"Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the human thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2.","volume":"86","author":"Sakurai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114438","article-title":"A base mutation of the C-erbA \u03b2 thyroid hormone receptor in a kindred with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Molecular heterogeneity in two other kindreds.","volume":"85","author":"Usala","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1086\/380999","article-title":"A novel syndrome combining thyroid and neurological abnormalities is associated with mutations in a monocarboxylate transporter gene.","volume":"74","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1654","article-title":"Mutations in SECISBP2 result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism.","volume":"37","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.033","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions.","volume":"213","author":"Bassett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00184-7","article-title":"Follow-up of newborns with elevated screening T4 concentrations.","volume":"143","author":"Lafranchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00060793-200010000-00008","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone in the absence of mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor genes.","volume":"7","author":"Sadow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117362","article-title":"Genetic analysis of 29 kindreds with generalized and pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone: identification of thirteen novel mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene.","volume":"94","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.16.4760","article-title":"A role for helix 3 of the TR\u03b2 ligand-binding domain in coactivator recruitment identified by characterization of a third cluster of mutations in resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"17","author":"Collingwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117376","article-title":"Mutations of CpG dinucleotides located in the triiodothyronine (T3)-binding domain of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) \u03b2 gene that appears to be devoid of natural mutations may not be detected because they are unlikely to produce the clinical phenotype of resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"94","author":"Hayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6218","article-title":"Lack of coactivator interaction can be a mechanism for dominant negative activity by mutant thyroid hormone receptors.","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30175","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.46.30175","article-title":"Defective release of corepressor by hinge mutants of the thyroid hormone receptor found in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"273","author":"Safer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.4.9914","article-title":"Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome manifests as an aberrant interaction between mutant T3 receptor and transcriptional corepressor.","volume":"11","author":"Yoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1994.4.225","article-title":"The variable clinical phenotype in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.","volume":"4","author":"Beck-Peccoz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.6.691","article-title":"Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure.","volume":"292","author":"Anselmo","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.4.6.368","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone: report of 2 kindreds with 35 patients.","volume":"4","author":"Anselmo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R22","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Evidence for the secretion of thyrotropin with enhanced bioactivity in syndromes of thyroid hormone resistance.","volume":"78","author":"Persani","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501750159750","article-title":"A pituitary tumor in a patient with thyroid hormone resistance: a diagnostic dilemma.","volume":"11","author":"Safer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502320908295","article-title":"Mice with a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene spontaneously develop thyroid carcinoma: a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis.","volume":"12","author":"Suzuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350611","article-title":"Successful treatment of hyperthyroidism due to nonneoplastic pituitary TSH hypersecretion with 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC).","volume":"6","author":"Beck-Peccoz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00858.x","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis due to pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones. Successful control with D thyroxine: a study in three patients.","volume":"32","author":"Dorey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R27","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Bromocriptine and Triac therapy for hyperthyroidism due to pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"75","author":"Dulgeroff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R28","first-page":"1286","article-title":"[A case report of Refetoff\u2019s syndrome].","volume":"65","author":"Sasaki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-1-208","article-title":"Treatment of hyperthyroidism due to inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin with the somatostatin analog SMS 201\u2013995.","volume":"68","author":"Beck-Peccoz","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/105072504322783876","article-title":"Regression of a large goiter in a patient with resistance to thyroid hormone by every other day treatment with triiodothyronine.","volume":"14","author":"Anselmo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-4-706","article-title":"In vitro demonstration of specific triiodothyronine binding sites in rat liver nuclei.","volume":"38","author":"Koerner","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03684.x","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormones (T4, T3), bromocriptine and Triac on inappropriate TSH hypersecretion.","volume":"28","author":"Salmela","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R33","first-page":"13","article-title":"[Treatment of inappropriate TSH secretion with Triac].","volume":"13","author":"Lind","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-2-223","article-title":"Triac (3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyroacetic acid) partially inhibits the thyrotropin response to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal and thyroidectomized hypothyroid patients.","volume":"50","author":"Medeiros-Neto","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1997.10.5.535","article-title":"Successful therapy with 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) in pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"10","author":"Darendeliler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-2-461","article-title":"3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyroacetic acid therapy for thyroid hormone resistance.","volume":"69","author":"Kunitake","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.775","article-title":"Clinical and hormonal outcome after two years of triiodothyroacetic acid treatment in a child with thyroid hormone resistance.","volume":"7","author":"Radetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R38","first-page":"163","article-title":"A novel 1297\u20131304delGCCTGCCA mutation in the exon 10 of the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene causes resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"8","author":"Rivolta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Diagn"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347267","article-title":"Endocrine and neuropsychological assessment in a child with a novel mutation of thyroid hormone receptor: response to 12-month triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) therapy.","volume":"28","author":"Torre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-56-2-265","article-title":"Reduction of serum cholesterol by sodium dextrothyroxine in euthyroid subjects.","volume":"56","author":"Schneeberg","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90107-4","article-title":"Comparison of effectiveness of thyrotropin-suppressive doses of D- and L-thyroxine in treatment of hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"77","author":"Bantle","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-49-1-1","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of dextrothyroxine and levothyroxine in correcting hypothyroidism and lowering blood lipid levels in hypothyroid patients.","volume":"49","author":"Gorman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-5-1089","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism due to selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones in a 15-month-old boy: efficacy of D-thyroxine therapy.","volume":"67","author":"Hamon","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14043.x","article-title":"Treatment of pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone (PRTH) in an 8-year-old boy.","volume":"85","author":"Pohlenz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta P\u00e6diatr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1992.2.15","article-title":"Dextrothyroxine in the treatment of generalized thyroid hormone resistance in a boy homozygous for a defect in the T3 receptor.","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.165","article-title":"A novel resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a new mutation (T329N) in the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene.","volume":"9","author":"Sarkissian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-5-3-327","article-title":"A homozygous deletion in the c-erbA\u03b2 thyroid hormone receptor gene in a patient with generalized thyroid hormone resistance: isolation and characterization of the mutant receptor.","volume":"5","author":"Usala","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-8-199510150-00002","article-title":"Genetic and clinical features of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. The National Institutes of Health Prospective Study.","volume":"123","author":"Brucker-Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.2.5479","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of thyroid hormone resistance.","volume":"84","author":"Asteria","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181809e3a","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone in pregnancy.","volume":"112","author":"Dhingra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R51","first-page":"401","article-title":"Treatment of resistance to thyroid hormone\u2014primum non nocere.","volume":"84","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0677","article-title":"Effects of maternal levels of thyroid hormone (TH) on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid set point: studies in TH receptor \u03b2 knockout mice.","volume":"148","author":"Alonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-5-990","article-title":"Homozygosity for a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor gene responsible for generalized resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"73","author":"Ono","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113385981000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2428","article-title":"A novel thyroid hormone receptor-\u03b2 mutation that fails to bind nuclear receptor corepressor in a patient as an apparent cause of severe, predominantly pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone.","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/95\/7\/3094\/9066047\/jcem3094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T17:31:20Z","timestamp":1559237480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/95\/7\/3094\/2596216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-0409","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]}}}