{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:47:01Z","timestamp":1791002821552,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T23:55:30Z","timestamp":1313625330000},"page":"3199-3206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Estrogen Levels Are Higher across the Menstrual Cycle in African-American Women Compared with Caucasian Women"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"E. E.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"},{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (E.E.M.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. D.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology (N.D.S.), Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"Klingman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. O.","family":"Tiamfook-Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Yialamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Sluss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrine Unit (E.E.M., N.D.S., K.M.K., T.O.T.-M., M.A.Y., P.M.S., J.E.H.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2019041117521701500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.1.1","article-title":"Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. I. African-American heritage, reproductive history, body size, and smoking.","volume":"153","author":"Faerstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B2","volume-title":"Breast cancer facts, figures, 2009\u20132010","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.545S","article-title":"African Americans, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteoporosis: a paradox.","volume":"88","author":"Aloia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.4.505","article-title":"Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network.","volume":"99","author":"Herman-Giddens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B5","first-page":"611","article-title":"An epidemiologic survey of twins in a large, prospectively studied population.","volume":"22","author":"Myrianthopoulos","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468300006601","article-title":"Maternal factors in dizygotic twinning: evidence from interracial crosses.","volume":"10","author":"Khoury","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.19.1369","article-title":"Hormone levels during dietary changes in premenopausal African-American women.","volume":"88","author":"Woods","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0944","article-title":"Racial differences in premenopausal endogenous hormones.","volume":"14","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600098","article-title":"Ethnic differences in ovulatory function in nulliparous women.","volume":"86","author":"Haiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B10","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Aging and bone metabolism in African American and Caucasian women.","volume":"81","author":"Perry","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1897","article-title":"Differences in serum sex hormone and plasma lipid levels in Caucasian and African-American premenopausal women.","volume":"90","author":"Lamon-Fava","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01723-4","article-title":"Racial differences in sex hormone levels in women approaching the transition to menopause.","volume":"75","author":"Manson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00313-0","article-title":"Leptin is related to epinephrine levels but not reproductive hormone levels in cycling African-American and Caucasian women.","volume":"63","author":"Mills","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.3.795","article-title":"Effects of menstrual cycle and race on peripheral vascular alpha-adrenergic responsiveness.","volume":"35","author":"Freedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B15","first-page":"429","article-title":"Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences.","volume":"82","author":"Ettinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03204-1","article-title":"Urinary reproductive hormone level differences between African American and Caucasian women of reproductive age.","volume":"78","author":"Reutman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92294-8","article-title":"Secondary amenorrhoea in athletes.","volume":"2","author":"Feicht","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B18","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Midcycle levels of sex steroids are sufficient to recreate the follicle-stimulating hormone but not the luteinizing hormone midcycle surge: evidence for the contribution of other ovarian factors to the surge in normal women.","volume":"80","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-49-5-687","article-title":"The production of progesterone, androgens, and estrogens by granulosa cells, thecal tissue, and stromal tissue from human ovaries in vitro.","volume":"49","author":"McNatty","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).","volume":"19","author":"The Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B21","first-page":"600","article-title":"Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and follicle-stimulating hormone dynamics during the luteal-follicular transition.","volume":"74","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1981.tb00947.x","article-title":"Morphological and functional relations of Graafian follicle growth to ovulation in women using ultrasonic, laparoscopic and biochemical measurements.","volume":"88","author":"Kerin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1985","article-title":"Selective theca cell dysfunction in autoimmune oophoritis results in multifollicular development, decreased estradiol, and elevated inhibin B levels.","volume":"90","author":"Welt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del136","article-title":"Control of estradiol secretion in reproductive ageing.","volume":"21","author":"Welt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B25","first-page":"240","article-title":"A comparison of 13 different immunometric assay kits for gonadotropins: implications for clinical investigation.","volume":"79","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B26","first-page":"2163","article-title":"Inhibin A and inhibin B responses to gonadotropin withdrawal depends on stage of follicle development.","volume":"84","author":"Welt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B27","first-page":"45","article-title":"Relatively low levels of dimeric inhibin circulate in men and women with polycystic ovarian syndrome using a specific two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.","volume":"79","author":"Lambert-Messerlian","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B28","first-page":"105","article-title":"Female reproductive aging is marked by decreased secretion of dimeric inhibin.","volume":"84","author":"Welt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-6-1136","article-title":"Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle.","volume":"62","author":"Filicori","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B30","first-page":"3805","article-title":"Influence of obesity and malnutrition on the metabolism of some cancer-related hormones.","volume":"41","author":"Zumoff","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B31","first-page":"428","article-title":"Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that levels of aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts in adipose tissue of buttocks, thighs, and abdomen of women increase with advancing age.","volume":"78","author":"Bulun","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.04.017","article-title":"Racial differences in body fat distribution among reproductive-aged women.","volume":"58","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.694","article-title":"Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index.","volume":"72","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02859-X","article-title":"The physiology of folliculogenesis: the role of novel growth factors.","volume":"76","author":"Erickson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-6-1009","article-title":"Blood production and ovarian secretion rates of estradiol-17\u03b2 and estrone in women throughout the menstrual cycle.","volume":"38","author":"Baird","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031600","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian morphology with regular ovulatory cycles: insights into the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome.","volume":"89","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq273","article-title":"A very large proportion of young Danish women have polycystic ovaries: is a revision of the Rotterdam criteria needed?","volume":"25","author":"Kristensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590903247824","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries, as defined by the 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria, are found to be very common in young healthy women.","volume":"26","author":"Duijkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B39","first-page":"330","article-title":"Differential regulation of inhibin B and inhibin a by follicle-stimulating hormone and local growth factors in human granulosa cells from small antral follicles.","volume":"86","author":"Welt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.07.003","article-title":"Aromatase gene (CYP 19) polymorphisms and endogenous androgen concentrations in a multiracial\/multiethnic, multisite study of women at midlife.","volume":"119","author":"Sowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.8.708","article-title":"Leptin directly stimulates aromatase activity in human luteinized granulosa cells.","volume":"5","author":"Kitawaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B42","first-page":"3574","article-title":"Serum leptin concentrations in Caucasian and African-American girls.","volume":"83","author":"Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.03.066","article-title":"Mullerian-inhibiting substance inhibits cytochrome P450 aromatase activity in human granulosa lutein cell culture.","volume":"89","author":"Grossman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2019041117521701500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.08.110","article-title":"Variations in serum mullerian inhibiting substance between white, black, and Hispanic women.","volume":"92","author":"Seifer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/96\/10\/3199\/9111122\/jcem3199.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T02:06:52Z","timestamp":1555034812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/96\/10\/3199\/2834917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-1314","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}}}