{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:35:46Z","timestamp":1783488946184,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unilateral adrenalectomy is the therapy of choice in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Zona glomerulosa (ZG) insufficiency causing hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy has been described in case reports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our aim was to analyze the clinical relevance of ZG insufficiency causing hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy in a large series of patients with APA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective chart review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted at two tertiary university referral centers in Germany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 110 patients with confirmed APA adrenalectomized at the centers in Munich and Berlin between 2004 and 2012 were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was the incidence of ZG insufficiency causing hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy; the secondary outcome was the identification of risk factors predisposing for hyperkalemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen of 110 patients (16%) developed postoperative hyperkalemia. The majority of these patients (n = 14) had undetectable plasma aldosterone levels after adrenalectomy; four had low aldosterone levels. In 12 of these patients, hyperkalemia was documented only once and resumed spontaneously. Prolonged hypoaldosteronism accompanied by hyperkalemia was observed in six patients (5% of total cohort). These patients needed continuous mineralocorticoid replacement therapy for 11\u201346 months. Mineralocorticoid antagonist treatment for 4 wk prior to surgery did not prevent hyperkalemia. In multivariate analysis, preoperatively decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased serum creatinine as well as increased postoperative creatinine and microalbuminuria remained significant predictors of hyperkalemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent postoperative hypoaldosteronism with hyperkalemia occurs in 5% of adrenalectomized PA patients through prolonged ZG insufficiency, requiring long-term fludrocortisone treatment. Potassium levels after adrenalectomy must be monitored to avoid life-threatening hyperkalemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]],"date-time":"2012-11-05T18:55:14Z","timestamp":1352141714000},"page":"3965-3973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Prolonged Zona Glomerulosa Insufficiency Causing Hyperkalemia in Primary Aldosteronism after Adrenalectomy"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (E.F., A.P., F.B., M.B., M.R.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Hanslik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinische Endokrinologie (G.H., M.Q.), Charit\u00e9 Campus Mitte, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pallauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (E.F., A.P., F.B., M.B., M.R.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Degenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr klinische Radiologie (C.D., U.L.), 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Linsenmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr klinische Radiologie (C.D., U.L.), 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Beuschlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (E.F., A.P., F.B., M.B., M.R.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bidlingmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (E.F., A.P., F.B., M.B., M.R.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mussack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chirurgische Klinik Innenstadt (T.M., R.L., K.H.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Ladurner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chirurgische Klinik Innenstadt (T.M., R.L., K.H.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Hallfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chirurgische Klinik Innenstadt (T.M., R.L., K.H.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Quinkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinische Endokrinologie (G.H., M.Q.), Charit\u00e9 Campus Mitte, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Reincke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (E.F., A.P., F.B., M.B., M.R.), Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071615450838300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031337","article-title":"Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents.","volume":"89","author":"Mulatero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0104","article-title":"Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline.","volume":"93","author":"Funder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.015","article-title":"Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism.","volume":"45","author":"Milliez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.33","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after treatment.","volume":"168","author":"Catena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2116","article-title":"Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities of hypokalemic and normokalemic primary aldosteronism: results of the German Conn's Registry.","volume":"94","author":"Born-Frontsberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095448","article-title":"Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism.","volume":"50","author":"Catena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480507101015","article-title":"Long-term results of adrenalectomy in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas: multivariate analysis of factors affecting unresolved hypertension and review of the literature.","volume":"71","author":"Lumachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-004-7496-z","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism.","volume":"29","author":"Meyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-4-200108210-00010","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery.","volume":"135","author":"Sawka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283060f0c","article-title":"Blood pressure outcome of adrenalectomy in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism with or without unilateral adenoma.","volume":"26","author":"Letavernier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.186.215","article-title":"A case of aldosterone-producing adenoma with severe postoperative hyperkalemia.","volume":"186","author":"Taniguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP73392","article-title":"Prolonged hyperkalemia following unilateral adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosteronism.","volume":"73","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9669438","article-title":"Reversible suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis after unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal adenoma.","volume":"32","author":"Gadallah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9163-7","article-title":"Commentary on The Endocrine Society Practice Guidelines: consequences of adjustment of antihypertensive medication in screening of primary aldosteronism.","volume":"12","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B15","first-page":"305","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism in Germany: results on 555 patients from the German Conn Registry.","volume":"106","author":"Schirpenbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1851","article-title":"Risk factors associated with a low glomerular filtration rate in primary aldosteronism.","volume":"94","author":"Reincke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0287","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling using rapid cortisol assays in primary aldosteronism is useful in centers with low success rates.","volume":"165","author":"Betz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168484","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling: evaluation of the German Conn's Registry.","volume":"57","author":"Vonend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.051","article-title":"Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism.","volume":"136","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007091017","article-title":"The utility of the transtubular potassium gradient in the evaluation of hyperkalemia.","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0741.x","article-title":"A case of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism in the dog.","volume":"25","author":"Kreissler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000168062","article-title":"Urine electrolytes and osmolality: when and how to use them.","volume":"10","author":"Kamel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000230444.01215.6a","article-title":"Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: results of the PAPY Study.","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199512010-00054","article-title":"Albuminuria in untreated patients with primary aldosteronism or essential hypertension.","volume":"13","author":"Halimi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.22.2638","article-title":"Long-term renal outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism.","volume":"295","author":"Sechi","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539122","article-title":"Increased expression of mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in kidney biopsies of patients with heavy proteinuria.","volume":"112","author":"Quinkler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1527","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade but not steroid withdrawal reverses renal fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone\/salt rats.","volume":"147","author":"Lam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.02.018","article-title":"Kidney impairment in primary aldosteronism.","volume":"412","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295461","article-title":"Aldosterone and the kidney.","volume":"44","author":"Fourkiotis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.30","article-title":"Aldosterone: effects on the kidney and cardiovascular system.","volume":"6","author":"Briet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004100878","article-title":"Relative glomerular hyperfiltration in primary aldosteronism.","volume":"16","author":"Ribstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.02.328","article-title":"Dispensed selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of moderate to severe hyperkalemia: a nested case-control study.","volume":"60","author":"Lafrance","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0151","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: diagnostic and treatment strategies.","volume":"2","author":"Mattsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-41-3-611","article-title":"Selective hypoaldosteronism despite prolonged pre- and postoperative hyperreninemia in primary aldosteronism.","volume":"41","author":"Bravo","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.30498","article-title":"Unique cases of unilateral hyperaldosteronemia due to multiple adrenocortical micronodules, which can only be detected by selective adrenal venous sampling.","volume":"51","author":"Omura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04243.x","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of idiopathic aldosteronism after long-term treatment with spironolactone: results from the German Conn's Registry.","volume":"76","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.096925","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of idiopathic aldosteronism after long-term treatment with potassium canrenoate.","volume":"50","author":"Armanini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2563","article-title":"Unilateral primary aldosteronism with spontaneous remission after long-term spironolactone therapy.","volume":"97","author":"Yoneda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(77)90026-9","article-title":"Spironolactone-induced inhibition of aldosterone biosynthesis in primary aldosteronism: morphological and functional studies.","volume":"26","author":"Conn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071615450838300_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-39-4-734","article-title":"Reduced aldosterone secretion during spironolactone treatment in primary aldosteronism: report of a case.","volume":"39","author":"Sundsfjord","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/97\/11\/3965\/10746523\/jcem3965.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/97\/11\/3965\/10746523\/jcem3965.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T22:09:33Z","timestamp":1643580573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/97\/11\/3965\/2836471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-2234","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}}}