{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:27:46Z","timestamp":1791221266749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Childhood obesity is increasingly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metformin reduces the risk for T2D in adult obese nondiabetic patients, but the evidence in obese children and young people is inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of the study was to assess the effect of metformin on body mass index sd score (BMI-SDS), metabolic risk factors, and adipokines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was conducted at six pediatric endocrine centers in the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred fifty-one obese children and young people with hyperinsulinemia and\/or impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance (metformin: 74, placebo: 77). The study was comprised of 67.5% females, 65.6% postpubertal individuals, and 23.8% British Asian or Afro-Caribbean participants. The age range was 8\u201318 yr, the mean age was 13.7 (sd 2.3) yr, and the mean BMI-SDS was +3.4 (sd 0.5).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interventions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The intervention included metformin 1 g in the morning and 500 mg in the evening vs. placebo for 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome measure was a reduction in BMI-SDS at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included insulin and glucose levels from oral glucose tolerance tests, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and adiponectin to leptin ratio (ALR) at 3 and 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metformin was associated with a significant reduction in BMI-SDS compared with placebo at 6 months [mean difference \u22120.1 sd (95% confidence interval \u22120.18 to \u22120.02), P = 0.02]. Significant improvements at 3 months were found in the metformin group: fasting glucose, \u22120.16 mmol\/liter (\u22120.31 to \u22120.00), P = 0.047; ALT, 19% (5\u201336%), P = 0.008; and ALR, 32% (4\u201367%), P = 0.02.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metformin therapy has a beneficial treatment effect over placebo for BMI-SDS, fasting glucose, ALT, and ALR ratio at 3 months, with changes in BMI-SDS sustained at 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T01:45:40Z","timestamp":1353635140000},"page":"322-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Metformin in Obese Children and Adolescents: The MOCA 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