{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:52:33Z","timestamp":1783475553818,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T00:06:52Z","timestamp":1359072412000},"page":"1006-1013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Impact of Early Nutrient Restriction During Critical Illness on the Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome and Its Relation With Outcome: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Lies","family":"Langouche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine (L.L., S.V.P., M.M., P.J.W., M.P.C., G.V.d.B.), Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Vander Perre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine (L.L., S.V.P., M.M., P.J.W., M.P.C., G.V.d.B.), Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine (L.L., S.V.P., M.M., P.J.W., M.P.C., G.V.d.B.), Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Boelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.B.), Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine (L.L., S.V.P., M.M., P.J.W., M.P.C., G.V.d.B.), Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Casaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine (L.L., S.V.P., M.M., P.J.W., M.P.C., G.V.d.B.), Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Van den Berghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine (L.L., S.V.P., M.M., P.J.W., M.P.C., G.V.d.B.), Division Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002","article-title":"Thyroid axis function and dysfunction in critical illness","volume":"25","author":"Mebis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-022013","article-title":"Reduced activation and increased inactivation of thyroid hormone in tissues of critically ill patients","volume":"88","author":"Peeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03102.x","article-title":"Identification of molecular mechanisms related to nonthyroidal illness syndrome in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue from patients with septic shock","volume":"68","author":"Rodriguez-Perez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B4","first-page":"4032","article-title":"Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"82","author":"Fliers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1992.2.119","article-title":"Do thyroid function tests independently predict survival in the critically ill?","volume":"2","author":"Maldonado","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.3371118.x","article-title":"Thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effects of growth hormone-secretagogues","volume":"47","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199501000-00015","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters","volume":"23","author":"Rothwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07006.x","article-title":"Thyrotropin concentration predicts outcome in critical illness","volume":"48","author":"Rothwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B9","first-page":"283","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid function after myocardial infarction","volume":"52","author":"Schlienger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1427-y","article-title":"Endocrine measurements in survivors and non-survivors from critical illness","volume":"28","author":"Ray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0253","article-title":"Fasting-induced changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis","volume":"18","author":"Boelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197903153001102","article-title":"Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation","volume":"300","author":"Gardner","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-1-130","article-title":"Influence of fasting and refeeding on 3,3\u2032,5\u2032-triiodothyronine metabolism in man","volume":"72","author":"LoPresti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02401.x","article-title":"The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Docter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102662","article-title":"Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults","volume":"365","author":"Casaer","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(82)84024-X","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3\u2032,5\u2032-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), and 3,3\u2032-diiodothyronine (T2)","volume":"84","author":"Wiersinga","year":"1982","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.06.004","article-title":"Medications that distort in vitro tests of thyroid function, with particular reference to estimates of serum free thyroxine","volume":"23","author":"Stockigt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-21","article-title":"Impact of early parenteral nutrition completing enteral nutrition in adult critically ill patients (EPaNIC trial): a study protocol and statistical analysis plan for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Casaer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1191\/0962280202sm281ra","article-title":"Competing risks as a multi-state model","volume":"11","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B20","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Clinical review 95: acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms","volume":"83","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R147","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8043","article-title":"Changes in the central component of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness","volume":"13","author":"Mebis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1411","article-title":"Contribution of nutritional deficit to the pathogenesis of the nonthyroidal illness syndrome in critical illness: a rabbit model study","volume":"153","author":"Mebis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.07056","article-title":"Chronic local inflammation in mice results in decreased TRH and type 3 deiodinase mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus independently of diminished food intake","volume":"191","author":"Boelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6588","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/382250a0","article-title":"Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting","volume":"382","author":"Ahima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.6.5209","article-title":"Leptin prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus","volume":"138","author":"Legradi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118891","article-title":"Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus","volume":"98","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-949527","article-title":"Leptin Acute modulation of the 5\u2032-deiodinase activities in hypothalamus, pituitary and brown adipose tissue of fed rats","volume":"38","author":"Cabanelas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-011-9327-x","article-title":"Bioenergetic impact of tissue-specific regulation of iodothyronine deiodinases during nutritional imbalance","volume":"43","author":"Araujo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bioenerg Biomembr"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06872","article-title":"Differential effects of leptin and refeeding on the fasting-induced decrease of pituitary type 2 deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor {beta}2 mRNA expression in mice","volume":"190","author":"Boelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0289","article-title":"Leptin administration restores the fasting-induced increase of hepatic type 3 deiodinase expression in mice","volume":"22","author":"Boelen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-3-2-164","article-title":"Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the \u201ceuthyroid sick syndrome.\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Wartofsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2240","article-title":"Effect of tight glucose control with insulin on the thyroid axis of critically ill children and its relation with outcome","volume":"97","author":"Gielen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01255.x","article-title":"The combined administration of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness evokes superior endocrine and metabolic effects compared to treatment with GHRP-2 alone","volume":"56","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B34","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness","volume":"84","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","article-title":"APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system","volume":"13","author":"Knaus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113241592000_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(03)00098-0","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002","volume":"22","author":"Kondrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/98\/3\/1006\/10420564\/jcem1006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T17:59:09Z","timestamp":1562608749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/98\/3\/1006\/2536623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-2809","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717976479.793470762","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}