{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:57:19Z","timestamp":1770973039110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]],"date-time":"2013-05-06T17:35:07Z","timestamp":1367861707000},"page":"1789-1796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Approach to Testing Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion in Obese Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Popovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1210\/er.16.1.63","article-title":"Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"16","author":"De Boer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.2.4594","article-title":"Growth hormone in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone treatment: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee","volume":"83","author":"Carroll","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B3","first-page":"434","article-title":"High fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in growth hormone-deficient adults","volume":"14","author":"Johannsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91812-O","article-title":"Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism","volume":"336","author":"Rosen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.d01-1749.x","article-title":"Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism","volume":"46","author":"Bulow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B6","first-page":"1160","article-title":"The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy","volume":"8","author":"Bates","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0013","article-title":"Mortality and growth hormone deficiency: a nationwide study","volume":"157","author":"Stochholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-1028","article-title":"Overall cause and specific mortality in GH deficient adults on GH replacement","volume":"166","author":"Gaillard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.8.5916","article-title":"The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GH-deficient patients","volume":"84","author":"Gibney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1487","article-title":"A 10 year prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults","volume":"92","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00695.x","article-title":"GH replacement in 1034 growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults: demographic and clinical characteristics, dosing and safety","volume":"50","author":"Abs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030346","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset GH deficiency: effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008987922774","article-title":"The QoL AGHDA: an instrument for the assessment of quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"8","author":"McKenna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030134","article-title":"Long-term improvement of quality of life during growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency as measured by questions on life satisfaction-hypopituitarism (QLS-H)","volume":"89","author":"Rosilio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02176","article-title":"Does long-term GH replacement therapy in hypopituitary adults with GH deficiency normalise quality of life?","volume":"155","author":"Koltowska-Haggstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M124","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.2.M124","article-title":"Aging-related growth hormone (GH) decrease is a selective hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone pulse amplitude mediated phenomenon","volume":"56","author":"Russel-Zulet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-1-51","article-title":"Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations","volume":"64","author":"Ho","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-1-51","article-title":"Dual defects in pulsatile growth hormone secretion and clearance subserve the hyposomatotropism of obesity in man","volume":"72","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0631","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society and Endocrine Society of Australia","volume":"157","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0179","article-title":"Endocrine Society evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Molitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60673-4","article-title":"Hypopituitarism","volume":"369","author":"Schenider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8216","article-title":"Which patients do not require a GH stimulation test for the diagnosis of GH deficiency?","volume":"87","author":"Hartman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000207607","article-title":"Hypopituitarism following radiotherapy revisited","volume":"15","author":"Darzy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B25","first-page":"541","article-title":"Manifesto for the current understanding and management of traumatic brain injury\/induced hypopituitarism","volume":"34","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12010","article-title":"Which patient requires neuroendocrine assessment following traumatic brain injury, when and how?","volume":"78","author":"Glynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01829","article-title":"Consensus statement on the management of the GH treated adolescent in the transition to adult care","volume":"152","author":"Clayton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90181-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"343","author":"Hoffman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01179.x","article-title":"Reproducibility of the insulin tolerance test (ITT) for the assessment of growth hormone and cortisol secretion in normal and hypopituitary men","volume":"54","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B30","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adults with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders: comparison of test results using pyridostigmine plus GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), clonidine plus GHRH and insulin-induced hypoglycemia as GH secretagogues","volume":"85","author":"Hoeck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B31","first-page":"3746","article-title":"The orderliness of the growth hormone (GH) release process and the mean mass of GH secreted per burst are highly conserved in individual men on successive days","volume":"81","author":"Friend","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8509","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency","volume":"87","author":"Biller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.150631","article-title":"Consensus statement on the standardization and evaluation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor assays","volume":"57","author":"Clemmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-012006","article-title":"Low amplitude and disorderly spontaneous growth hormone release in obese women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Van Dam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0501","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I response to a single bolus of growth hormone is increased in obesity","volume":"90","author":"Gleeson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8061","article-title":"Altered neuroregulation of GH secretion in viscerally obese premenopausal women","volume":"86","author":"Pijl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0930","article-title":"Androgens may mediate a relative preservation of IGF-I levels in overweight and obese women despite reduced growth hormone secretion","volume":"93","author":"Utz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1333","article-title":"The effects of central adiposity on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine stimulation testing in men","volume":"93","author":"Makimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0438","article-title":"Peak growth hormone-releasing hormone-arginine-stimulated growth hormone is inversely associated with intramyocellular and intrahepatic lipid content in premenopausal women with obesity","volume":"94","author":"Bredella","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/science.140.3570.987","article-title":"Hypoglycemia: a potent stimulus to secretion of growth hormone","volume":"140","author":"Roth","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03466.x","article-title":"Factors determining inadequate hypoglycemia during insulin tolerance test (ITT) after pituitary surgery","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B42","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Comparison between insulin-induced hypoglycemia and growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone + arginine as provocative tests for diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults","volume":"83","author":"Aimaretti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:15:1:029","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing hormone combined with arginine or growth hormone secretagogues for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"15","author":"Ghigo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/314279a0","article-title":"Independent effects of growth hormone releasing factor on growth hormone release and gene transcription","volume":"314","author":"Barinaga","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01967","article-title":"The cut-off limits of the GH response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine test related to body mass index","volume":"153","author":"Corneli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01472.x","article-title":"Growth hormone release after glucagon as a reliable test for growth hormone assessment in adults","volume":"56","author":"Gomez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0299","article-title":"Is lack of recombinant growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone in the United States a setback or time to consider glucagon testing for adult GH deficiency?","volume":"19","author":"Yuen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302009000700009","article-title":"Growth hormone secretion in response to glucagon stimulation test in healthy middle-aged men","volume":"53","author":"Micmacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1993.6.1.21","article-title":"GH releasing peptides\u2014structure and kinetics","volume":"6","author":"Bowers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/45230","article-title":"Ghrelin is a growth hormone releasing acylated peptide from stomach","volume":"402","author":"Kojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02755-0","article-title":"GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-6 for diagnostic testing in GH deficient adults","volume":"356","author":"Popovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B52","first-page":"2569","article-title":"Preserved growth hormone (GH) secretion in aged and very old subjects after testing with the combined stimulus GH-releasing hormone plus GH releasing hexapeptide-6","volume":"83","author":"Micic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02525.x","article-title":"Effect of obesity and morbid obesity on growth hormone (GH) secretion elicited by the combined GHRH+GHRP-6 test","volume":"64","author":"Kelestimur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01955.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the reproducibility of the GHRH plus GHRP-6 test of growth hormone reserve in adults","volume":"60","author":"Popovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0247","article-title":"The value of IGF-I estimation in adults with GH deficiency","volume":"161","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01884.x","article-title":"Determinants of IGF-I status in a large cohort of growth hormone deficient (GHD) subjects: the role of timing of onset of GHD","volume":"59","author":"Lissett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.8310842.x","article-title":"Body composition in growth hormone deficient adults over the age of 60 years","volume":"45","author":"Toogood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf.)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B58","first-page":"44","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor I generation test in adults","volume":"62","author":"Lissett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.04.010","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement throughout life: insights into age-related responses to treatment","volume":"17","author":"Clayton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0887","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and effects of growth hormone therapy over two years in younger and elderly adults with adult onset GH deficiency","volume":"91","author":"Franco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B61","first-page":"552","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy on physical work capacity and cardiac and pulmonary function in patients with hGH deficiency acquired in adulthood","volume":"80","author":"Nass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019041113373888400_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420347","article-title":"Comparisons among old and new provocative tests of GH secretion in 178 normal adults","volume":"142","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/98\/5\/1789\/9044732\/jcem1789.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]],"date-time":"2019-07-13T12:49:01Z","timestamp":1563022141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/98\/5\/1789\/2536714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-1099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}}}